*•' 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT    OF 


G 


Sa  •  • 


A  POPULAR 

CALIFORNIA  FLORA 


OE, 


MANUAL  OF  BOTANY  FOR  BEGINNERS. 

CONTAINING 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  FLOWERING  PLANTS  GROWING  IN  CENTRAL  CALIFORNIA,  AND 
WESTWARD  TO  THE  OCEAN. 


WITH 


ILLUSTRATED  INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS,  ESPECIALLY  ADAPTED  TO  THE 

PACIFIC  COAST. 


BY  YOLNEY  RATTAN, 

TEACHER  or  NATURAL  SCIENCES  IK  THE  GIRLS'  HIGH  SCHOOL, 
SAN  FEANCISCO. 


HemaeD  (BDttion. 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
A.   L.   BANCROFT  AND   COMPANY. 

1885. 


f 


;> 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1882, 

BY  A.  L.  BANCROFT  AND  COMPANY, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 


THE  first  edition  of  this  book  was  prepared  for  the  press  during  the  evenings  and  Satur- 
days of  the  month  of  January,  1879.  The  hope  that  an  abler  hand  would  undertake  the 
task  deferred  the  beginning,  and  the  needs  of  a  class  of  over  five  hundred  pupils  hastened 
the  completion  of  a  work  that  .would  have  been  more  slowly  elaborated  had  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  author  been  the  only  consideration.  The  errors  incident  to  such  rapid  work 
were  as  far  as  possible  corrected  the  following  year,  in  a  second  edition,  which  was  pre- 
faced as  follows: 

"I  have  endeavored  to  prepare  an  inexpensive  manual  which  will  enable  beginners  in 
botany  to  determine  the  names  of  all  plants  with  conspicuous  flowers  that  may  be  found 
growing  wild  in  the  Central  Valley  of  California  from  Visalia  to  Marysville,  and  through 
the  Coast  Ranges  from  Monterey  to  Ukiah.  Over  six  hundred  species  of  plants  are 
characterized  by  descriptions  condensed,  for  the  most  part,  from  Vol.  I  of  the  'California 
Botany,'  and  Sereno  Watson's  'Revision  of  the  North  American  Liliaceae.'  Valuable 
material  has  also  been  obtained  from  a  'Revision  of  the  Eriogonese,'  by  Torrey  &  Gray, 
Gray's  'Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America,'  and  'Gray's  Manual  of  Botany.' 

"  Plants  belonging  to  the  Parsnip,  Aster,  Willow,  Oak,  and  Pine  Families,  are  not  de- 
scribed, being  mostly  too  difficult  for  beginners,  or  of  little  interest  to  them.  The  Intro- 
ductory Lessons  are  designed  to  show  the  learner  how  to  study  the  growth  of  plants,  as 
well  as  to  give  such  knowledge  of  their  structure  as  will  enable  him  to  understand  the 
descriptions  in  the  Flora.  The  'Glossary  of  Generic  and  Specific  Names '  will  enable  the 
student  to  make  appropriate  common  names  for  most  plants. 

"To  the  authors  whose  works  have  furnished  the  materials  for  this  book  is  due  the 
credit  for  whatever  of  excellence  it  may  possess;  to  the  compiler,  who  may,  in  a  few 
cases,  have  misrepresented  these  authors,  attaches  the  blame  for  most  of  its  defects. 

"I  am  indebted  for  suggestions  and  criticisms  to  Prof.  E.  W.Hilgard,  Dr.  C.  L.  Ander- 
son, Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer  and  Dr.  Asa  Gray.  To  the  latter  I  am  especially  grateful  for 
his  kind  interest  in  my  humble  work." 

One  third  of  the  second  edition  was  new  matter,  and  only  about  half  of  the  book  in  its 
present  form  is  printed  from  the  stereotype  plates  of  the  first  edition.  The  newer  half 
of  the  work,  although  necessarily  partaking  somewhat  of  the  nature  of  patchwork,  is  as 
good  as  I  can  make  it.  My  drawings  upon  wood  have  been  faithfully  engraved,  and, 
though  claiming  no  artistic  merit,  will,  I  trust,  prove  helpful  to  the  learner.  With  few 
exceptions — always  noted  in  the  text — the  plants,  or  parts  of  plants,  are  represented  of 
the  natural  size.  Besides  the  more  obvious  improvements,  an  entirely  new  Analytical 
Key  replaces  the  old  one;  and  our  most  common  oaks  are  described. 

183987 


IV  PREFACE. 

Assuming  tliat  facts  in  natural  history  are  useless  if  merely  memorized  from  the  "book, 
and  that  the  student  must  earn  his  knowledge  by  observing  and  experimenting,  it  is  ob- 
viously best  to  encourage  him  at  first  by  showing  him  how  to  try  simple  experiments 
whose  results  are  easily  interpreted.  Seeds  are  the  best  material  for  such  experiments, 
since  the  phenomena  connected  with  their  germination  are  not  only  easily  observed,  but 
deeply  interesting.  For  this  reason  what  may  seem  a  disproportionate  space  in  the  Intro- 
ductory Lessons  is  devoted  to  "The  Beginnings  of  Plant  Life."  There  are  no  lessons  of 
greater  educational  value  than  those  given  to  observing  eyes  by  the  growth  of  a  plant 
from  the  first  quickening  of  the  dry  embryo  to  the  putting  forth  of  flowers  and  the  ripen- 
ing of  fruit.  A  sunny  window  in  each  school-room  should  be  devoted  to  these  beautiful 
object  lessons  of  nature.  It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however,  that  since  most  young  peo- 
ple are  eager  to  learn  the  names  of  plants  whose  flowers  they  admire,  it  is  best  to  devote 
most  of  the  spring  months  to  the  study  of  Systematic  Botany.  The  child's  "What  is 
it?"  and  the  finger  pointing  to  the  plant  in  bloom,  show  plainly  with  what  to  begin  the 
study  of  botany.  Baron  Frederick  von  Mueller  says  in  his  preface  to  an  elementary 
work  upon  the  botany  of  Victoria,  Australia:  "An  experience  of  nearly  forty  years  has 
convinced  the  author  that  the  use  of  a  grammar-like  publication  for  initiating  into  a 
study  of  plants  is  alike  wearisome  to  teacher  and  children,  and  that  as  a  rule,  subject  to 
rare  exceptions,  the  knowledge  acquired  from  the  ordinary  first  elementary  works  on 
botany  is  as  quickly  lost  as  gained.  The  only  method  of  rendering  such  studies  agreeable 
and  lastingly  fruitful  consists  in  arousing  an  interest  of  the  young  scholars  in  the  native 
plants  of  their  locality,  to  afford  them  all  possible  facilities  to  recognize  and  discriminate 
all  the  various  plants  within  reach,  to  lead  them  by  observations  thus  started  to  com- 
prehend the  limits  of  specific  forms,  of  generic  and  ordinal  groups,  and  to  conduct  them 
afterwards  to  the  more  difficult  study  of  special  anatomy  and  physiology  of  plants." 

Teachers  and  learners  ar^  here  reminded  of  the  importance  of  carefully  writing  out 
the  details  of  experiments  tried,  as  well  as  descriptions  of  what  has  been  observed.  In 
the  words  of  Dr.  Asa  Gray:  "  The  naturalist  must  not  only  observe  that  he  may  describe, 
but  describe  if  he  would  observe." 

It  will  be  noticed— and  the  fact  has  formed  the  basis  of  a  criticism— that  the  descrip- 
tions of  genera  and  species  in  this  Flora  are  very  brief;  as  a  rule  only  the  contrasting 
characteristics  being  given,  since  more  is  calculated  to  confuse  rather  than  help  the  be- 
ginner. Dr.  Gray  says:  "In  floras,  as  in  more  general  works,  abridged  descriptions  or 
diagnoses  suffice — indeed,  are  preferable  in  all  cases  where  the  region  is  pretty  well 
explored,  and  where  materials  can  be  thoroughly  elaborated." 

Although  the  Flora  is  designed  especially  for  students  in  Central  California,  it  will  be 
found  only  a  little  less  useful  to  those  studying  as  far  south  as  Los  Angeles,  or  as  far 
north  as  the  Columbia.  The  Introductory  Lessons  are  suited  to  the  entire  Pacific  Coast. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  January,  1882.  V.  R. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS 

IN 


STRUCTURAL   BOTAN1 


7 


SECTION  1.— THE  BEGINNINGS    OF   PLANT  LIFE. 

1.  If  the  first  rain  of  the  wet  season  is  followed  by  warm,  sunny 
weather,  specks  of  green  will  soon  appear  among  the  dry  stems  of  last 
year's  weeds;  and  in  fence  corners  or  other  eddy  nooks  where  summer 
winds  have  drifted  seeds  and  covered  them  with  dust,  you  may  find  per- 
fect mats  of  baby  plants.  With  a  shovel  skim  off  a  few  square  inches  of 
this  plant-bearing  soil,  and  carefully  examine  it.  Except  a  few  green 
needles,  which  you  recognize  as  spears  of  grass,  most  of  these  little  plants 
seem  to  consist  of  white  steins,  which  split  at  the  top  into  pairs  of  green 
leaves.  Looking  sharply,  you  may  find  between  each  pair  of  leaves  a 

1 .  Seed  of  Bur-clover  just  be- 
fore! it  appears  above  ground,  g. 
Same  three  days  older.  3.  Mus- 
tard. 4.  Bur  clover  showing  the 
first  and  second  plumule  leaves; 
the  former  simple  (apparently), 
the  latter  with  three  lefiflets.  5. 
Mallows  (Malvaborealis),  sttbw- 
ing  the  long-petioled  see.l  leaves 
(Cotyledons  ,  and  one  plumule 
leaf  unfolded.  6-  Filaria  (Ero- 
dium),  with  lobed  or  sub-com- 
pound seed  leaves. 

tiny  bud;  or,  in  the  older  plants,  this  may  have  grown  other  leaves,  which 
curiously  enough  are  not  like  the  first  two.  (Figures  1  to  6).  Searching 
through  the  shovelful  of  earth  you  will  likely  find  plants  in  all  stages  of 
growth,  from  swollen  and  sprouting  seeds  to  stems,  which  are  just  push- 
ing their  bowed  leaf-heads  into  the  sunlight.  Here,  then,  is  material 
from  which  you  may  learn  how  plants  grow;  a  lesson,  remember,  which 
no  text-book  or  schoolmaster  can  teach  you.  It  will  be  easier,  however, 
since  most  of  these  early  wild  plants  come  from  very  small  seeds,  to  take 


VI 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


your  first  lessons  from  plants  which  have  larger  beginnings.    You  should 
first  study — 

2.  The  Plant  in  the  seed.     Get  many  kinds  of  large  seeds,  such  as 
peas,  beans,  squash-seeds,  buckeyes,  castor  beans,  corn,  etc.     Put  them 
in  water  that  they  may  become  soft  enough  to  be  readily  separated  into 
their  parts.     In  a  day  or  two  starchy  seeds,  such  as  peas  or  beans,  will  be 
in  good  condition. 

3.  First  take  a  bean  and  make  drawings  showing  the  outlines  as  seen 
sidewise  and  edgewise.     Any  marks  that  seem  to  be  found  on  all  beans 
must  be  put  down  in  the  drawing,  but  do  not  bother  about  the  shading. 
These  attempts  to  represent  what  you  see  will  lead  to  the  discovery  of 
certain  marks  on  the  concave  edge  of  the  bean,  the  meaning  of  which 
you  may  sometime  learn  by  studying  the  growth  of  the  seed  in  the  pod. 
After  you  have  thus  studied  the  outside  of  the  seed,  slit  it  along  the  back 
with  a  sharp  knife  and  take  out  the  kernel.     It  readily  splits  into  halves 
which  are  held  together  near  one  end  by  a  short  stem.     Upon  breaking 
them  apart  the  stem  sticks  to  one  half,  and  you  discover  growing  from  the 
inner  end  a  pair  of  tiny  embracing-leaves.     Make  another  drawing  and 
compare  it  with  Fig.   7.     Presently  it   will  be 

clear  to  you  that  this  entire  kernel  is  a  little 
plant.  The  plant  in  this  dry  apparently  lifeless 
first  stage  of  its  existence  is  called — 

4.  The  Embryo,  or  Germ.      This,  as  you  have 
seen,  is  made  up  of  the  stem,  or  Radicle ;  the 
thick  parts  called  Cotyledons,  and  the  two-leaved          7 

i       -i  r>7  7  mi  i  f  '        •  7.   One  cotyledon  of  a  bean  wim 

bud,  Or    Plumule.       The  embryo  Of    a  pea  IS  Sim-  the  radicle  and  large  plumule.     8. 

•  i         i       1 1      i       t*        i  itit  t  t       «  Eintorvo  of  ft  P6<inut.     ct.  inii^r  sid.6 

ilar  to  that  or  a  bean,  but  the  plumule  is  more  Of  one  cotyledon  with  the  radicle 
decidedly  a  bud.  Fig.  8  represents  the  straight  ^eplumule;  *'  °uter  sid 
embryo  of  a  peanut.  The  radicle  is  not  bent  around  against  the  cotyle- 
dons as  in  the  pea  and  bean,  and  the  plumule  shows  two  divided  leaflets. 
The  cotyledons  of  the  squash  are  thin  and  the  plumule  is  scarcely  visible. 
Lupine,  though  its  seeds  resemble  beans,  has  a  long  radicle  and  a  minute 
plumule.  The  buckeye  seems  to  have  a  long  radicle,  but  since  it  splits 
nearly  to  its  point,  where  you  will  find  a  large  plumule,  it  is  evident  that 
the  apparent  radicle  is  mostly  made  up  of  the  cotyledon  stems  (petioles). 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


Til 


5.  Albuminous  Seeds.  Remove  the  shell-like  coat  of  a  castor  bean, 
and  carefully  split  it  flatwise.  What  at  first  seems  to  be  a  large  plumule 
proves  to  be  free  from  the  rest  of  the  kernel,  and  with  care  you  may  be 


10 


12 


9.  Seed  of  Willow  or  Dig. 
ger  Piue  cut  BO  as  to  show 
the  straight  embryo  in  the 
center  of  the  oily  albumen, 
a  and  b,  embryo  taken  out, 
the  cotyledons  (b)  separated. 
10-  Seed  of  the  Castor-beau. 
a,  the  broad  thin  embryo 
nearly  dividing  the  albu- 
men; 6,  the  embryo  removed 
and  the  leaf -like  cotyledons 
separated.  11.  Seed  of  Da- 


tura  (Brugma-ni?ia\  showing  at  a  the  bent  embryo  in  the  scanty  albumen;  &,  the  embryo  taken  out  and 
the  slender  cotyledons  separated.     12.    A  grain  of  coffee,    a,  the  straight  embryo. 

able  to  get  it  out  whole  (Fig.  10.)  It  is  a  straight  embryo  with  beautifully 
veined,  leaf-like  cotyledons,  embedded  in  a  white,  oily  substance,  which 
makes  up  the  mass  of  the  kernel.  This  substance  is  called  Albumen,  a 
name  which  applies  to  anything  inclosed  with  the  embryo  by  the  seed 
coats.  Peas,  beans,  acorns,  nuts,  and  most  large  seeds  have  no  albumen. 
Carefully  cut  thin  slices  from  a  well  soaked  coffee  grain  until  its  embryo 
appears  as  represented  in  Fig.  12.  The  horny,  folded  albumen  makes 
up  most  of  the  seed.  A  similar,  but  smaller  embryo,  may  be  found  in 
the  brain-shaped,  fleshy  albumen  of  the  ivy  seed.  The  embryo  of  the 
Tree-Datura,  or  Stramonium,  is  shown  in  Fig.  11. 
It  has  slender  cotyledons,  folded  down  against  a 
thick  radicle,  the  whole  embedded  in  tough,  fleshy 
albumen.  Take  the  embryo  of  a  Morning-Glory 
seed  and  pick  the  bits  of  transparent,  jelly-like 
albumen  out  of  the  pockets  in  the  crumpled  coty- 
ledons. An  attempt  to  flatten  out  the  cotyledons 
will  probably  result  in  something  like  b,  Fig.  13, 
which  may  lead  you  to  suppose  that  the  coty-  ig  Morning .  Glory 
ledons  are  separately  crumpled,  which  is  not  the  just  appearing  above  the 
case.  They  stick  closely  together  by  their  inner 
faces,  as  do  the  cotyledons  of  other  seeds  you  have 
examined,  and  they  are  crumpled  as  one;  but,  being 
notched  at  the  end,  they  readily  split  down  the 
center.  Buckwheat  seeds  will  give  you  some  trouble.  Indeed,  it  will 


ground  with  the  seed  coat 
sticking  to  the  cotyle- 
dons, a,  th«  swollen 
seed;  &,  embryo,  with 
the  crumpled  cotyle- 
dons split  down  the 
middle  in  the  attempt 
to  flatten  them. 


V1H  INTKODUCTOEY    LESSONS. 

be  much  easier  to  make  out  the  exact  shapes  and  positions  of  the  em- 
bryos in  most  albuminous  seeds  after  they  have  begun  to  grow. 

Monocotyledonous  Embryos.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  possibly  a 
few  other  seeds  in  your  collection,  are  different  in  plan  from  any  yet 
described.  In  corn  the  soft  portion  called  the  chit  is  the  embryo.  Wheat 
and  oats  have  smaller  but  similar  embryos.  You  cannot  easily  distin- 
guish the  parts  of  these  embryos,  but  you  can,  at  least,  determine  that 
they  have  not  two  cotyledons.  Beally  they  have  one  cotyledon,  and  are 
therefore  said  to  be  Monocotyledonous.  When  you  study  the  growing 
seeds  you  will  see  how  widely  they  differ  from  seeds  which  have — 

Dicotyledonous  Embryos.  These  are  embryos,  which,  like  the  bean, 
have  two  cotyledons.  A  few  plants  belonging  to  the  Pine  Family  have 

Polycotyledonous  Embryos.  Fig.  12  shows  the  embryo  of  the 
common  Willow  or  Digger  Pine,  which  has  more  than  two  cotyledons  in 
a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  radicle. 

The  Germination  of  Seeds.  Plant  the  remainder  of  your  seeds — 
those  of  a  kind  together — in  boxes  or  pots  of  sand,  or  any  kind  of  loose 
soil  you  can  get.  Keep  this  little  experimental  garden  in  a  warm  place, 
where  it  can  get  a  bit  of  sunshine,  and  water  it  daily.  At  intervals  of 
three  or  four  days  dig  up  one  of  each  kind  of  seed,  and,  after  careful 
examination,  make  drawings  to  illustrate  the  successive  stages  of  growth. 
It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  you  repeatedly  attempt  to  draw 
what  you  see;  it  is  of  the  least  importance  that  your  drawings  are  pretty. 
You  will  learn,  among  many  interesting  facts,  that  most  seeds 
are  pushed  up  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  by  the  growth  of  the  radicle. 
There  the  seed-coats  drop  off  (except  that  in  seeds  without  albumen  the 
cotyledons  are  apt  to  slip  out  of  their  coats  on  the  way  up);  the  cotyledons 
Bpread  apart,  become  longer  and  broader,  and  turn  green;  lastly,  the 
plumule  becomes  a  leafy  stem.  Meanwhile,  roots  grow  from  the  lower 
end  of  the  radicle.  Some  cotyledons,  like  those  of  the  pea,  do  not  ap- 
pear above  ground,  but  send  the  plumule  up.  The  seeds  of  Big-root — 
a  pest  which  grows  in  nearly  every  field — behave  in  a  remarkable  manner. 
The  nut-like  seeds  drop  from  their  prickly  pods  in  June  or  July,  and 
soon  become  covered  with  leaves.  The  rains  of  November  and  December 
cause  them  to  sprout,  as  represented  at  d.  The  mimic  radicle — really  a 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


IX 


tube  formed  by  the  united  petioles, 
or  stems,  of  the  thick  cotyledons, 
and  only  tipped  by  the  radicle- 
penetrates  the  ground  to  a  depth, 
usually,  of  four  or  five  inches.  The 
plumule  meanwhile,  as  shown  in  /, 
remains  dormant  in  the  bottom  of 
the  tabular  sprout.  When  the  pe- 
tiole growth  ceases,  the  radicle  grows 
rapidly  by  absorbing  the  nourish- 
ment stored  in  the  cotyledons,  and 
becomes  a  tuber.  Meanwhile  the 
plumule  begins  its  upward  growth, 
splitting  the  petioles  apart,  and  usu- 
ally escaping  from  between  them,  as 
shown  in  the  figure  below  c.  In  this 
wonderful  way  the  plumule  bud  is 
deeply  planted  together  with  nour- 
ishment (stored  in  the  radicle)  which, 
if  necessary,  can  be  used  to  aid  its 
first  growth.  The  reason  for  this  curious  behavior  is  obvious,  when  we 
know  that  ground  squirrels  are  fond  of  these  seeds,  and  that  a  severe 
frost  will  kill  the  young  plant.  If  the  seeds  wait  till  warm  weather  to 
sprout,  hungry  rodents  may  find  them;  if  they  germinate  early,  and  in 
the  manner  of  other  seeds,  Jack  Frost  may  nip  them.* 

*  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  who  first  experimented  with  these  seeds,  found  them  to  grow  as  represented  at  a,  in 
the  figure  [reduced  one  fourth,  from  Fig.  43,  Botanical  Text-book,  edition  of  1879].  Evidently  on 
accouiit  of  some  obstruction,  probably  the  bottom  of  a  small  pot,  the  seeds  were  elevated  two  or  three 
inches  above  the  surface  of  the  soil  [the  dotted  line  S  represents  the  surface  of  the  ground  for  figures 
a,  b,  and  c].  My  experiments  with  seeds  planted  in  shallow  boxes  gave  very  different  results — shown 
at  6,  which  is  a  reduced  copy  of  Fig.  14  of  second  edition.  The  plants  came  up  about  four  inches  from 
where  the  seeds  were  planted,  the  plumule  being  pushed  laterally  that  distance  by  the  elongation  of  the 
cotyledon  petioles.  Such  inexplicable  behavior  stimulated  to  further  observation,  which  resulted  in 
the  discovery  that  naturally  planted  seeds,  unhampered  by  boxes  or  pots,  usually  grow  as  represented 
at  c  and  d.  In  one  instance  a  sprout  measured  seven  inches  irom  the  plumule  to  the  cotyledons!  The 
hairs  at  e  probably  help  the  sprout  to  penetrate  the  soil,  by  fastening  on  to  the  surface  crust.  Curiously 
enough,  growing  sprouts  underground  frequently  avoid  obstacles  without  touching  them. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


a.  Lupinus  mi cran thus; 
the  first  plumule  leaf  on 
the  left.  6.  Lupinus  ar- 
boreus,asit  appears  when 
grown  In  sand;  the  root- 
hairs  are  ladened  with 
sand.  c.  Lupinus  densi- 
florus.  d.  The  same,  after 
the  cotyledons  are  fully 
developed,  and  the  plu- 
mule has  appeared. 

Lupines  or- 
dinarily   grow    as 
represented  in  the 
cut  at  a,  but  a  com- 
mon white-flower- 
ed kind   presents  at  the   end  of  a  month's 
growth  the  queer  appearance  shown  at  d.     At 
first  the  sprouting  seeds  appear  to   be   like 
those  of  other  lupines  (see  Fig.  c),  but  when 
the  cotyledons  open,  they  are  seen  to  be  united 
by  their  broad  bases.     For  two  or  three  weeks  the 
cotyledons  enlarge;  not  only  becoming  broader,  but 
thicker;  yet  we  look  in  vain  for  a  trace  of  the  plu- 
mule.   Meanwhile  a  white  pustule  has  been  growing, 
which  finally  bursts  and  discloses  the  partly  grown 
leaves  of  the  missing  bud,  which  has  all  this  time 
been  hidden  in  the  thick  stem  below  the  cotyledons! 
"Now,  the  tough  leathery  skin  of  these  cotyledons  is 
proof  against  the  nightly  frosts  that  prevail  at  this 
season  of  the  year  (December),  so  they  go  on  pre- 
paring food  from  the  air  with  which  to   feed  the 
tender  plumule,  until  it  also  is  strong  enough  to  face          c 
Jack  Frost.     If  you  carefully  examine  these  seeds  in  various 
stages  of  their  growth,  you  will  learn  that  the  plumule  is  at 
the  bottom  of  a  short  tube  formed  by  the  united  petioles  of 
the  cotyledons.     Sometimes  the  plumule  breaks  out  through 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


XI 


the  side  of  this  tube  below  the  cotyledons,  instead  of 
bursting  through  between  them. 

Do  not  fail  to  see  for  yourself  how  squash 
embryos  pry  open  their  tough  coats.  Soon  after  the 
sprout  has  gained  a  foothold  in  the  soil,  a  little  knob 
grows  on  the  side  of  the  radicle  so  as  to  split  more 
widely  open  the  point  of  the  seed  coat,  as  s-iown  in  Fig.  c. 
Then  the  radicle  stem  between  the  knob  and  the  cotyledons, 
by  growing,  pries  the  seed  still  wider  open,  as  seen  at  b  below. 
Finally,  by  continued  growth,  the  cotyledons  are  pulled  out 
of  the  seed  coat  and  upward  to  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
where  they  expand,  and  become  pretty  good  leaves.  Seeds 
planted  edgewise,  which  of  course  could  rarely  happen  in  nature,  can  not 
thus  free  themselves  of  their  seed  coats,  and  it  has  been  proved  by  a 
French  botanist  (M.  Flahault)  that  seeds  which  come  up  with  their  coats 
on  do  not  thrive.  The  seed  at  b  in  the  figure  was  first  planted  the  other 
side  up.  It  was  turned  over  when  the  knob  on  the  right  had  begun  to  open 
the  seed.  The  radicle,  which  then  pointed  directly  upward,  gradually 
straightened,  bent  downward,  and  finally  the  second  knob  grew,  by  the 
help  of  which  the  seed  leaves  were  in  a  fair  way  to  get  out  when  the  draw- 
ing was  made.  Some  native  California  plants  get 
out  of  their  coats  in  a  similar  manner. 

Germination  of  Albuminous  Seeds. 
You  have  observed  that  when  seeds  without  al- 
bumen send  their  cotyledons  above  ground,  the 
seed  coats  are  usually  left  behind,  but  the  albu- 
minous seeds  named  in  paragraph  5  retain  their 
seed  coats  often  for  several  days  after  they  come 
up.  Examine  the  coats  after  they  are  thrown  off, 
and  you  will  find  none  of  the  albumen  which 
formed  the  larger  part  of  their  contents  before 
germination.  The  enlarged  cotyledons  tell  what 
has  become  of  it,  and  it  is  now  plain  why  the 
coats  were  retained. 


Xll 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


q  h 

a.  Section  of  a  seed  of  Pasonia  Brownii,  showing  the  small  embryo  at  the  right  .m  the  copious  albu- 
men. 6.  The  embryo  removed  and  the  cotyledons  separated,  c.  The  germinating  seed.  d.  The  ?ame, 
with  the  seed  coats  removed  to  show  the  leaf-like  cotyledons,  e.  Plunmle  bud,  or  real  end  01  ne  un- 
ward-growing  stem.  /.  The  first  plumule  leaf  as  it  appears  above  ground,  the  terminal  bud  ye;  dormant 
under  ground,  g.  Seed  of  Pinus  Sabiniana  (Digger,  Willow,  or  Nut  Pine)  soon  after  it  appears  above 
ground,  h.  Same,  with  the  seed  coats  removed  to  show  the  U  cotyledons.  See  Figt  9,  p.  vii 

You  must  have  wondered  why  the  cotyledons  of  a  bean,  which 
never  become  leaf-like,  should  appear  above  ground.  It  is  equally  strange 
that  the  albuminous  seeds  of  the  peony  should  behave  in  the  reverse 
way.  As  shown  in  the  cut  (a  and  b],  the  embryo  is  very  small.  In 
germination  the  plumule  comes  up  while  the  cotyledons  become  decidedly 
leaf-like,  and  fill  the  shell  which  has  been  emptied  of  its  albumen  to  feed 
them  and  the  plumule.  These  thin,  veiny  seed  leaves  could  certainly  do 
better  work  above  ground  than  those  of  most  lupines,  yet  they  never  come 
up.  There  is  another  curious  thing  about  the  growth  of  peony  seeds, 
which  you  may  try  to  discover. 

When  the  buckwheat  and  cotton  seeds  have  begun  to  sprout, 
you  can  study  their  embryos.  Note  how  the  thin,  broad  cotyledons  of 
the  former  are  folded  once  and  rolled  up  with  a  layer  of  snow-white 
starch;  and  how  the  speckled  seed  leaves  of  the  latter  are  folded  along 
the  center,  then  outwardly  back,  and  finally  crumpled  endwise  to  make 
them  fit  coats  too  short  for  them.  Maple  seeds  have  curiously  crampled 
and  folded  cotyledons.  Indeed,  all  seeds  have  interesting  lessons  to 
teach  us. 

Germination  of  Monocotyledonous  Seeds.     The  seeds  named 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


Xiii 


-I 


15 


17 


15.  Germinating  corn.   16.  Wheat.    17.  Wild- 


in  paragraph  6  do  not  clearly  show 
their  embryos  in  germination,  but  they 
are  readily  enough  distinguished  from 
dicotyledons.  The  downward  growing 
sprouts  are  several  instead  of  one,  and 
the  upward  growing  sprout  is  like  a 
rolled  grass  leaf  (Figs.  15  to  17).  By 
tasting  of  the  growing  seeds  you  can 
discover  what  the  starchy  albumen  is 
changed  to  before  it  is  fit  food  for  the 
young  plant.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  only  the  grass-like  monoctyledons 
grow  as  here  represented.  If  possible, 
get  Lily  seeds,  Iris  seeds,  etc. 

If  you  examine  seeds  and  study 

j,  ,-.  i  ,  ,.         .     ,     oats ;  o,  colorless  sheath  inclosing  the  first  plu- 

their  growth  as  you  have  been  directed,  mule.leaf6.  c,  the  twisted  and  bent  beard  by 

you  will  hive  the  evidence  of  your  Own  means  of  which  it  is  able  to  travel  to  cracks 

eyes  that  an  embryo  is  a  plant  in  a  inthe  gwmnd  and  thus  plimt  itself ' 
sort  of  sleeping  state  from  which  it  may  be  aroused  to  activity  by  moist- 
ure and  warmth.  It  will  be  evident  that  the  radicle  is  a  stem;  that 
the  cotyledons  correspond  to  leaves,  and  that  the  plumule  is  a  bud 
from  which  is  to  grow  all  the  above-ground  portion  of  the  plant.  Re- 
member, that  if  these,  or  any  other  statements  concerning  the  structure 
and  behavior  of  plants,  are  not  confirmed  by  your  own  judgment  upon 
what  you  have  yourself  observed,  they  are  useless  to  you,  except  as  guides 
pointing  to  what  you  are  to  find.  To  memorize  these  statements  of  facts 
is  to  secure  the  husks,  not  the  kernels,  of  knowledge.  Plants  themselves 
must  teach  you  how  they  grow.  The  book  can  only  show  you  how  to 
question  them  and  how  to  interpret  their  answers.  Do  not  fail  to  care- 
fully compare  the  results  of  all  your  experiments;  for  in  this  way  you 
can  decide  what  are  general  or  usual  facts,  and  what  are  exceptional. 
The  latter  should  be  closely  investigated,  since  it  is  probable  that  there 
is  a  reason  for  all  unusual  as  well  as  usual  behavior  of  plants. 


XIV  INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


SECTION  2.— THE  STKUCTURE  OF  PLANTS. 

Steins.  While  awaiting  the  development  of  germs  in  your  experi- 
mental garden,  you  can  study  plants  which  have  already  reached  maturity 
in  wild  gardens.  Go  out  and  dig  up  the  first  plant — not  too  large — that 
you  find  in  blossom.  I  will  suppose  that  you  have  found  the  very  com- 
mon Filaria  (also  called  Pin-clover;  and  children  call  the  curious  seeds 
with  twisted  tails,  clocks).  Its  parts  are  Roots,  Stem,  Leaves,  and  Flowers. 
(Some  time,  if  you  continue  studying  Botany,  it  will  be  proved  to  you 
that  flowers  are  forms  of  stems,  or  stem-branches.) 

Crush  the  stem.  It  is  made  up  of  stringy  fibers  and  a  soft  sub- 
stance filled  with  juice.  The  former  is  generally  called  Fibrous  Tissue 
or  Wood ;  the  latter,  Cellular  Tissue.  The  lower  part  of  the  stem  and 
the  upper  part  of  the  root — the  older  portions  of  the  plant — contain 
more  wood  than  the  branches  and  the  rootlets,  while  the  leaves  have  only 
net-like  skeletons  of  wood.  It  would  be  interesting  to  study  these  tissues 
with  the  aid  of  a  microscope,  and  thus  become  acquainted  with  the  inner- 
most structure  of  plants;  but  for  the  present  it  will  be  sufficient  if  you 
can  distinguish,  in  a  general  way,  wood  from  cellular  tissue. 

Cut. the  stem  squarely  across  near  the  upper  end,  and  from  one 
piece  take  a  thin  slice.  Stick  this  on  a  pin  and  hold  it  up  to  the  light. 
It  is  nearly  transparent,  except  a  green  ring  of  skin  outside  and  a  ring 
of  white  dots  inside.  The  latter  are  cut  ends  of  woody  fibers  which  run 
lengthwise  of  the  stem.  Make  a  similar  section  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
stem  and  you  will  find  a  continuous  ring  in  place  of  the  dots,  showing 
that  in  the  older  part  the  fibers  have  become  so  numerous  as  to  form  a 
hollow  cylinder  of  wood.  The  inclosed  cellular  tissue  is  called  the  Pith. 

Exogens  and  Endogens.  If  the  stem  lives  year  after  year  there  will 
be  added  successive  layers  of  wood  outside  of  the  first  one.  Such  stems 
are  woody,  and  if  they  grow  many  years  become  Bushes,  Shrubs,  or  Trees. 
Plants  that  grow  in  this  way  are  called  Exogens.  Examine  Asparagus, 
Soap-root,  Iris,  or  any  Lily  and  you  will  find  the  wood  fibers  scattered 
irregularly  through  the  stems.  These  plants  are  Endogens.  All  our  native 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS.  XV 

trees  and  most  other  plants  are  exogens.     Palm-trees,  Century-plants, 
grasses,  and  the  "small  grains,"  are  endogens. 

Herbs  are  plants  whose  stems  die,  at  least  to  the  ground,  after 
they  have  blossomed  and  matured  fruit.  These  are  Annuals  when  their 
lives  are  limited  to  one  season;  Biennials  when  they  die  the  second  year 
— not  producing  fruit  the  first  year;  Perennials  when  they  live  on  year 
after  year,  their  stems  dying  annually  down  to  the  ground.  The  under- 
ground portions  of  such  stems  are  called — 

Eootstocks.  This  name  applies  more  particularly  to  such  stems  as 
grow  nearly  horizontally  under  ground,  or  become  thick  and  fleshy  with 
nutritious  matter,  which  enables  the  plant  to  make  rapid  first  growths 
each  year.  A  rootstock  can  usually  be  distinguished  from  a  true  root 
by  its  bearing  buds. 

Bulbs  are  formed  by  a  peculiar  bud  growth  in  which  the  leaves  or 
their  bases  become  very  thick  and  fleshy,  with  a  store  of  nourishment, 
while  the  stem  grows  in  diameter,  but  scarcely  at  all  in  length. 

Coated,  or  Tunicated  Bulbs  are  those  in  which  the  leaves  form  a 
succession  of  envelopes,  as  in  the  onion.  If  the  leaves  or  leaf-bases  are 
narrow,  as  in  the  lily,  the  bulb  is  Scaly. 

Corms  resemble  bulbs,  but  are  solid,  and  have  more  the  nature  of 
Tubers,  which  are  the  thickened  ends  of  slender,  branching,  under- 
ground stems,  as  potatoes,  ground  artichokes,  etc. 

Leaves.  Collect  the  leafy  stems  of  many  kinds  of  plants.  Ob- 
serve the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  stems.  A  few  like  Erodium 
(Filaiia),  the  Catchfly,  Pink,  Fuchsia,  Mint,  etc.,  have  Opposite  leaves. 
Possibly  you  may  find  a  Collinsia,  or  stem  of  Cleavers,  with  the  leaves  ia 
Whorls  of  three  or  more.  Most  plants  have  Alternate  leaves.  You  will 
find  some  plants  like  Plantain,  with  a  bunch  of  leaves  growing  from  the 
ground,  but  no  leafy  stems.  Such  leaves  come  from  rootstocks,  and  are 
Baid  to  be  Radical.  Plantain,  Dodecatheon,  Primrose,  etc.  have  the  leaves 
all  radical.  Many  perennial  herbs  have  radical  leaves,  as  well  as  ordi- 
nary stem  leaves,  and  these  usually  differ  more  or  less  from  the  stem 
leaves. 

Observe  that  stems  and  branches  end  in  buds  or  flowers,  and  that 


XVI 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSORS. 


there  is  usually  a  bud,  or  branch,  or  a  flower  at  the  base  of  a  leaf  be- 
tween it  and  the  stem  from  which  it  grows. 

Buds  and  flowers  at  the  ends  of  stems  or  branches,  are  Terminal ; 
•when  between  the  stems  and  leaves,  Axillary. 

Examine  the  leaf  of  a  Violet  or  Pansy.  You  can  readily  distin- 
guish three  parts :  A  broad  Blade  •  a  stem  or  Petiole,  and  a  pair  of  appen- 
dages at  the  base  of  the  petiole  called  Stipules.  The  latter  in  the  Pansy 
are  leaf-like.  Sometimes  they  are  mere  scales,  and  frequently  there  are 
none  at  all.  The  petiole  may  be  wanting,  also;  the  leaf  is  then  said  to 
be  Sessile.  Leaves  with  but  one  blade  are — 

Simple  Leaves.  The  illustrations  (Figures  18  to  32)  show  the 
principal  forms  of  simple  leaves  or  leaflets  of  compound  leaves.  Care- 
fully compare  the  blades  of  your  leaves  with  these  shapes.  If  the  leaf 
in  hand  does  not  correspond  with  any  of  the  figures,  you  may  describe  it 
by  combining  the  descriptive  words,  or  by  adding  a  word.  A  leaf,  for 
example,  too  broad  to  be  lanceolate,  and  narrower  than  ovate,  if  about 
half  way  between  the  two  forms,  is  Ovate-lanceolate  or  Lance-ovate;  the 
first,  if  nearer  ovate;  the  latter,  if  nearer  lanceolate.  Or,  if  merely  a  lit- 
tle broader  than  lanceolate,  we  may  say  it  is  Broadly-lanceolate  ;  when  more 
slender,  Narrowly-lanceolate  ;  if  slender  and  nearly  as  broad  in  the  middle 
as  nearer  the  base,  it  is  Linear-lanceolate,  etc.  So,  too,  there  are  interme- 


18  19  20  21  22  23  24 

"FORMS  OF  LEAVFS.— 18.    Linear.     19.     Oblong.     20.    Elliptical.    21.    Orbicular.    22.    Peltate 
(Shield-shaped).     23.     Hastate  (Spear-shaped).     24.     Sagittate  (Arrow-shaped). 

diate  forms  described  by  such  terms  as:  Oblong-lanceolate ;  Narrowly-ellip- 
tical;   Broadly-elliptical — which   approaches    orbicular;   Broadly-cordate — 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


XV11 


which  becomes  reniform  if  the  apex,  is  rounded,  etc.     Obovate ;  Oblance- 
olate ;  Obcordate,  etc.,  apply  to  forms  the  reverse  of  ovate,  lanceolate,  etc. 


32 


33a 


FOKMS  OF  LEAVES. — 25.  Lanceolate.  23-  Oblanceolate.  27.  Ppahilate.  28.  Ovate  (Egg. 
shaped).  29.  Cordate  (Heart-shaped).  30.  Reniform  (Kidney-shaped).  31.  Falcate  (Sickle- 
shaped..  32-  Hastate  (Spear-shaped) .  32a.  Auriculate  (Eared)  base. 

Apexes  of  Leaves.  There  are  terms  descriptive  of  the  apexes  (the 
upper  ends)  of  leaves.  Fig.  18  has  a  Cuspidate  apex;  Fig.  19,  Notched  or 
Emarginate ;  Figures  23,  24,  29,  Acute;  Fig.  25,  Acuminate;  Fig.  2G, 
Obtuse. 

Margins  of  Leaves.     All  these  forms  are  represented  as  having 


T.F.AF  MARGINS.— 33.  Serrate.     34.  Dentate.     35.  Crenate.     36.  Wavy.     37.  Sinuate.   38.  Incised. 
39.  Erose. 

entire  or  nearly  entire  margins,  but  the  margins  may  be  notched  or  cut 
in  various  ways.  Figures  33  to  39  will  assist  3*011  in  describing  the  mar- 
gins of  your  leaves.  Here,  also,  you  will  find  it  necessary  to  combine  ad- 


XA111 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


jectives  or  use  adverbs.    Leaves  may  be  Finely-serrate  or  Coarsely-serrate1, 
and  Dentate,  Crenate,  etc.,  may  be  similarly  modified. 


Pinnately  lobed  leaf,   of  White  Oak  (Quercus  lobata).     41.     TinBately  parted  leaf  of 
phila  anrita  (Lobes  retrorse).     42.     Pinnate   leaf  of    Erodium    moschatum.     43-     Palruately  lo~ed 
leaf  of  Muple.    44.    Palmately  parted  leaf  of  Viola  lobiita. 

Lobed  Leaves.     These  may  be  Pinnately  or  Falmalely  lobed,  de- 
pending upon  whether  there  is  more  than  one  rib  proceeding  from  the 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


XIX 


base  of  the  leaf.  Fig.  40  represents  a  pinnately  lobed  leaf;  Fig.  43, 
palmatelj  lobed.  When  leaves  are  deeply  lobed,  as  in  Figures  41  and  44, 
they  are  said  to  be  Parted.  Divided  leaves  are  cut  quite  to  the  midrib  if 
pinnately  divided,  or  to  the  end  of  the  petiole  when  palmately  divided. 
Cleft  leaves  have  the  sinuses  between  the  lobes  sharp  as  in  Fig.  38.  When 
leaves  are  pinnately  cleft  about  half  way  to  the  midrib  they  are  said  to  be 
Pinnatifid.  If  the  lobes  are  pinnatifid  it  is  described  as  Bipinnatifid.  It 
is  common  to  give  the  number  of  lobes  in  the  descriptive  phrase,  as  pin- 
nately nine-lobed  (Fig.  40);  pinnately  eleven-parted  (Fig.  41);  palmately 
five-lobed  (Fig.  43);  palmately  five-parted  (Fig.  44). 

Compound  Leaves  have  distinctly  separate  leaflets  usually  jointed 
to  a  common  petiole,  just  as  simple  leaves  are  jointed  to  the  stem.  A  leaf 
is  Pinnate,  when  the  leaflets  grow 
along  opposite  sides  of  the  petiole 
(Fig.  42);  Palmale,  if  they  all  grow 
from  the  end  of  the  petiole  (Fig. 
46).  Fig.  45  represents  a  pinnately 
3-fuliolate  leaf;  Fig.  46,  palmately 
3-foliolate.  When  there  is  no  odd 
leaflet  at  the  end  the  leaf  is  ab- 
ruptly pinnate.  Leaves  may  be 
twice,  thrive,  etc.,  compound,  that 
is,  the  leaflets  may  be  compound 
as  in  some  acacias. 

Bracts  are  leaves  among  flow- 
ers, or  small  undeveloped  leaves 
anywhere  on  the  stem. 

45  46 

bhpules    may   be    adnale    to         45.     Pinnately  3-foliolate  leaf  of  Bur-clover,  \vith 
.,        ..  ...  '      ,  .       _        small  stipules.    46-  Halmately  or  digitately  3-foliolate 

the    base    OI    the    petiole,  as    111  the    leaf  of  a  true  clover,  the  broad  aclnate  stipules  lacerate. 

rose  and  clover  (Figures  45,  46);  they  may  grow  on  the  stem;  or,  as  in 
some  plants  of  the  Buckwheat  Family  the  stipules  form  a  sheath  surround- 
ing the  stem  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Do  not  mistake  the  first  leaves 
of  a  growing  axillary  bud  for  stipules. 

Venation    of  Leaves.     All  the  leaves  thus  far  described  are  said 
to  be  Veiled-veined  or  fidiculaied,  because  their  skeletons  of  wood  fiber 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


resemble  nets.     Examine  the  leaves  of  Iris,  Calla,  or  any  that  are  grass- 
like,  and  you  will  see  why  they  are  called  Parallel-veined. 

Netted-veined  leaves  grow  on  Exogenous  stems.  Parallel-veined  leaves 
grow  on  Endogenous  stems.  The  former  belong  to  plants  which  grow  from 
Dicotyledonous  seeds;  the  latter  to  plants  from  Monocotyledonous  seeds. 

Flowers.  Get  a  bunch  of  Mustard  flowers — Wall-flowers,  single 
Stock,  or  Radish  flowers  will  do  as  well.  Pluck  a  single  blossom  and 
note  these  facts:  The  most  conspicuous  part  consists  of  four  yellow 
leaves;  outside  of  these  are  four  smaller  greenish,  yellow  leaves  in  pairs 
not  quite  alike.  The  latter  are  Sepals,  and  together  form  the  Calyx  ;  the 
former  are  Petals,  and  together  form  the  Corolla.  Pull  off  the  sepals, 
observing  that  they  alternate  with  the  petals.  Next  remove  the  petals. 
The  broad  part  of  each  petal  is  called  the  blade,  the  narrow  part,  the  claw 
(corresponding  to  the  petiole  of  an  ordinary  leaf).  Inside  of  the  petals 
you  find  six  yellowT-headed  bodies  with  white  stems,  two  of  which  are 
shorter  than  the  remaining  four.  These  are  the  Stamens.  Their  stems 
are  Filaments  ;  the  yellow  heads  are  Anthers,  and  the  yellow  powder  which 
they  contain  is  Pollen.  In  the  center  of  the  flower  is  a  club-shaped  body 
called  the  Pistil.  This  is  the  young  seed-pod,  and  by  splitting  it  open 
you  may  see  the  minute  Ovules,  which  are  the  beginnings  of  seed.  The 
part  containing  the  ovules  is  the  Ovary  ;  the  naked  upper  end  of  the  pis- 
til is  the  Stigma,  and  the  part  connecting  the  stigma  with  the  ovary  is  the 
Style.  The  end  of  the  stem 
upon  which  the  parts  of  the 
flower  grow  is  the  Eeceptacle, 
and  the  stem  is  called  a  Pe- 
duncle. Fig.  47  will  assist 
you  in  learning  these  names. 

A  Complete  Flower 
must  have  calyx,  corolla, 
stamens  and  pistils;  but,  since 
the  office  of  a  flower  is  to  pro- 
duce seeds,  and  these  grow 
from  ovules,  which  pollen  has 
reached  by  way  of  the  stigma, 

•L  f_Ti^,.  ,„  i-u    j.  47.  Magnified  Mustard  flower -with  four  of  the  stamens, 

11  IOilO\\  S  Uiat  tliree  petttiB  and  three  sepals  removed. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


A  Perfect  Flower  may  consist  of  pistils  and  stamens  only,  and  of 
these  the  styles  and  filaments  are  not  essential. 

Cohesion  of  Floral  Organs.  When  sepals  cohere  or  grow  fast  to 
each  other  (Figs.  48- 
51)  the  calyx  is  Gamo- 
sepalous.  So,  also, 
the  corolla  may  be 
Gamopelalous.  When 
stamens  cohere  they 
are  Monadetphous  if 
in  one  set,  Diadel- 
phous  if  in  two  sets 
(usually  9  and  1),  etc. 
Cohering  pistils  (car- 
pels) form  a  Com- 
pound Pistil.  The  de- 
grees of  cohesion  in 
calyx  and  corolla  is 
described,  as  in  leaves, 
by  the  terms  entire, 

Or     lobed      and       4g     Bnd  of  Eschseholtzia,  with  the  mitriform  calyx  removed  nrd 
Thus*     Bind-    pllown  above.     49.  Open  flower  of  the  same,   with  two  of  the   pt-ta  H 
removed,  one  of  these  below  with  the  stamens  adhering  to  the  claw. 
Weed  fFi°"    50)  has  in    ^0.  Flowor  anfl  1"af  of  Convolvulus  arvensis;  above  is  the  corolla  split 
\       ° "        '  down,  displaying  five  unequal  stamens. 

entire  corolla  limb;  Zauschneria  (Fig. 51) 
has  a  4-lobed  calyx;  Nemophila  has  a 
5-parted  or  deeply  5-lobed  corolla,  etc. 
If  the  flower  has  a  limb  (border)  dis- 
tinct from  the  tube,  these  terms  apply  to 
the  limb. 

Adhesion  of  Floral  Organs.  The 
calyx  may  grow  fast  to  the  ovary  (Fig.  51), 
then  it  is  said  to  be  Superior  (ovary  in- 
ferior). The  corolla  and  stamens  fre- 
quently grow  on  the  catyx,  as  in  Fuch- 
sia, Strawberry,  etc.;  then  they  are  said 


XX11 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


50)  as 
ID  the 


to  be  Perigy'nous ;  or  the  stamens  may  grow  on  the  corolla  (Fi 
in  most  gamopetalous  flowers,  and  in  Eschscholtzia  (Fig.  49). 
Orchis  Family  the  stamens  grow  on  the  pistil. 

Irregular  Flowers  are  those  in  which  parts  of  the  same  kind  are 
unlike  in  form  or  size. 

Inflorescence.  The  forms  of  flower-clusters  are  almost  as  various 
as  the  shapes  of  the  flowers,  but  they 
may  all  be  referred  to  two  plans,  viz. : 
Terminal  and  Axillary.  The  Raceme 
(Fig.  52)  is  a  simple  form  of  axillary 
inflorescence  in  which  the  leaves  are 
reduced  to  bracts.  If  the  flowers  are 
sessile  (without  pedicels)  the  raceme 
becomes  a  Spike  (Fig.  53).  If  the 
older  flowers  are  raised  on  long  pedi- 
cels the  flat-topped  cluster  is  called  a 
Corymb  (Fig.  55).  In  an  Umbel  the 
pedicels  all  grow  from  the  end  of  the 


52 
53-  Spike.     52.   Raceme. 


peduncle  (Fig.  5G).  If  these  are 
very  short  or  obsolete  a  Head  is 
formed.  A  Panicle  is  a  loose  com- 
pound raceme.  A  Tliyrxe  is  a  dense 
panicle.  Fig.  54  represents  a  Cyme, 
the  type  of  terminal  inflorescence.  A 
many-flowered  cyme  is  a  Fascu  le  ;  more 
densely  flowered,  a  Glome.nde.  Cymes 
and  Faxcirlrs  resemble  Corymb* ;  but 
in  the  former,  the  central  flowers  are 
the  older,  while  in  the  latter,  the  younger  flowers  or  buds  occupy  the 
center.  Glomerules  differ  from  heads  in  the  same  way. 

The  woodland  flowers  Trillium  and  Anemone  furnish  examples  of 
the  simplest  form  of  Terminal  Inflorescence.  Their  simple  sterns  bear 
each  one  flower  at  the  top.  Often  flowers  seem  to  be  axillary  when  the 
plan  of  inflorescence  is  terminal.  Fig.  57  illustrates  a  case  of  this  kind. 


58-  Umbel.     55.  Corymb. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


XX111 


Suppose  that  one  of  the  branches  in 
Fig.  54  had  failed  to  grow.  The  first 
flower  would  then  appear  to  be  axil- 
lary. In  the  plant  represented  by 
Fig.  57,  two  of  each  set  of  three 
axillary  buds  usually  remain  dormant. 
Their  growth  would  complete  a  Tri- 
chotomous  Cyme.  Fig.  54.  represents  a 
Dichotomous  Cyme.  Imagine  the  plant 
shown  in  Fig.  57  to  continue  branch- 
ing, the  stem  to  be  shortened  so  as  to 
bring  the  flowers  close  together,  and 
the  leaves  to  become  obsolete.  A 
bunch  of  flowers,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  a  one-sided  raceme,  would  be 
formed.  Let  the  flowers  become  ses- 
sile, and  we  would  have  a  false  spike. 
Such  mimic  racemes  and  spikes  are 
usually  coiled  as  shown  in  Fig.  64. 

The  common  Anagallis,  whose 
pretty  salmon-colored  flowers  appear  in 
the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves  (Fig.  58), 
is  an  illustration  of  simple  Axillary  In- 
florescence. Imagine  the  leaves  reduced 
to  bracts,  and  the  stem  shortened.  The 
fruit,  flowers,  and  buds  would  then  form 
a  Bracteate  Raceme.  Let  the  bracts  be- 
come wanting,  and  we  would  have  a  naked 
or  Braclless  Raceme,  similar  to  the  one 
shown  in  Fig.  59.  This  raceme  wants 
only  a  slight  lengthening  of  the  lower 
pedicels  to  become  a  Corymb.  Indeed,  it 
might  be  called  a  Corymbose  Raceme. 
Fig.  60  represents  a  naked  raceme,  in 
which  only  one  or  two  flowers  are  in 


XXIV 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


(',-2 


bloom  at  a  time.    A.  dense  Spike, 
bearing  a  ring  of  flowers  be- 
tween  growing   ovaries  below 
and  expanding  buds  above,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  Gl.     The  coiled  spike  (Fig.  64)  is 
really  a  kind  of  cyme,  as  has  been  shown.     This 
Scorpioid  Inflorescence  is   characteristic  of   two 
families  of   plants,  represented   by  many  plants  on 
this  coast.     Mosquito  Bills  (Fig.  62)  grow  in  Brae- 
teale  Umbels.     The  Head  or  Capitate  cluster  (Fig.  63) 
is  like  an  umbel,  only  the  pedicels  are  mostly  very 
short.     "When  the  flowers   are  numerous,  the  head 
becomes  Globose.      The   true   clovers  have   capitate 
flowers.     When  the  pedicels  in  a  raceme  branch  so 
as  to  bear  two  or  more   flowers  each,  a   Compound 
Raceme  is  formed.      So  in   like  manner  Compound 
Umbels,  Spikes,  and  Corymbs  may  be  formed.     These 
flower  bunches,  cymes,  racemes,  etc.,  may  be  at  the  ends  of 
main  stems  or  branches,  or  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  or  replace 
single  flowers  in  any  kind  of  inflorescence. 

The  Calyx,  as  we  have  already  learned,  is  composed 
of  leaves  called  Sepals,  which,  though  different  from  ordinary 
leaves  in  shape,  are  usually  green.  "When  the  sepals  are  separate,  the 
flower  is  Polysepalous.  Sepals  united  partly  or  wholly  form  a  Gamo- 
sepalous  calyx.  If  the  sepals  drop  off  when  the  flower  opens,  as  shown 
on  p.  20a,  they  are  Caducous.  If  they  fall  with  the  petals,  or  before  the 
fruit  is  ripe,  they  are  Deciduous.  A.  Persistent  Calyx  remains  until  the 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


XXV 


fruifc  ripens  (Fig.  G5).  A  colored 
calyx — i.  e.,  not  green — is  said 
to  be  Petaloid.  Flowers  with- 
out petals  and  those  of  the  Lily 
Family  usually  have  petaloid 
sepals  (Figs.  G6,  70,  71). 

The  Corolla  is  Polypet- 
alous  when  the  petals  are  free 
from  each  other  (see  Figs.  6G, 
G8,  69,  73).  In  Gamopetalous 
corollas  there  are  all  degrees  of 
cohesion  from  the  complete 
union  (Fig.  G7)  of  the  Entire 
limb  to  the  almost  free  petals 
of  a  Divided  corolla  (Fig.  58). 
Petals  often  grow  upon  the  calyx 
(Fig.  G8).  Corollas  are  Regular 
(Figs.  67,  69)  or  Irregular  (Fig. 
66,  and  Fig.  58,  p.  3.  See  also 
the  figures  on  p.  11  and  p.  88b). 
Common  forms  of  regular  co- 
rollas are  Rotate  (F\g.  58),  Salver- 
form  (Fig.  64),  Funnel-form 


(Fig.  67),  and  Campanulate  or  Bell-shaped  when  the  tube  expands  suddenly 
at  the  base  to  a  width  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  summit  and  about  equal 


XXVI 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


....  Ovary. 

Calyx  tube. 

Cali/x  lobes. 
Difid  petals. 


73.  A  flower  of  Whipplea,  magnified,  cut  down 
through  the  cen'er,  showing  tho  partly  interior 
ovary  aud  the  iutrorse  anthers. 


to  a  third  of  the  length.  Irregular  flowers  are  frequently 
Jjilabiate  or  Two-lipped,  as  shown  in  the  figures  a  and  c  on 
p.  11,  and  the  figures  on  p.  88b.  When  the  tube  of  a  corolla 
is  slender,  and  the  regular  or  irregular  limb  is  small  or  want- 
ing, the  flower  is  said  to  be  Tabular.  The  term  Perianth  is 
used  to  designate  the  calyx  and  corolla  taken  together.  It  is 
mostly  used  in  describing  endogenous  flowers  (Figs.  70,  71). 
Stamens  may  grow  upon  the  receptacle  (Hypogynous, 
Fig.  69),  upon  the  calyx  (Perigynous,  Fig.  68),  upon  the 
corolla  (Fig.  67),  or  upon  the  pistil.  Stamens  are  often 
united  by  their  filaments  so  as  to  form  tubes  (Fig.  74)  or 
bundles;  or  the  anthers  are  joined,  as  in  the  Sunflower  or 
Thistle.  Sometimes  there  are  two  kinds  of  stamens  in  the  same  flower 
(Fig.  68).  Staminodia  are  antherless  or  abortive  stamens  (see  longer  sta- 
mens in  Fig.  e,  p.  8).  Anthers  usually  consist  of  two  cells,  which  are 
filled  with  Pollen.  If  the  upper  end  of  the  filament  lies  exactly  between 
the  anther  cells,  the  anther  is  Innate.  An  Adnate  anther  is  attached  by 
one  side  to  the  filament  (Figs.  67,  68).  A  Versatile  anther  is  attached  be- 
tween its  ends  by  one  side  to  the  tip  of  the  filament  (Figs.  71,  72).  The 
pollen  usually  escapes  from  slits  in  one  side  of  the  anther,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  69.  This  side,  which  in  an  adnate  or  versatile  anther,  is  opposite 
the  filament,  is  called  the  face  of  the  anther.  "When  the  anther  faces 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS.  XXV11 

the  pistil,  it  is  Inlrorse  (Figs.  G8,  71,  72,  73);  and  when  it  faces  away 
from  the  pistil,  it  is  Extrorse  (Fig.  69). 

The  Pistil  grows  upon  the  receptacle,  or  upon  a  stem  arising 
from  it,  called  a  Stipe  (Fig.  71).  In  a  few  orders  there  are  several  or 
many  pistils  in  each  flower.  Usually  there  is  but  one,  formed  of  several 
simple  pistils  (carpels)  united  more  or  less  closely.  As  in  the  other  floral 
organs,  there  are  all  degrees  of  cohesion,  from  a  slight  union  of  the 
bases  of  the  ovaries — rarely  of  the  stigmas  only — to  such  completeness 
as  leaves  no  trace  of  lobes  in  the  stigma  (see  Fig.  on  p.  5).  Often  the 
free  styles  tell  how  many  carpels  compose  the  pistil  (Fig.  69).  Generally 
the  stigmas  are  divided  or  lobed  (Fig.  68).  These  marks  wanting  a  cross 
section  of  the  ovary,  or,  better  still,  of  the  partly  grown  fruit,  will  usu- 
ally shew  a  cell  for  each  carpel  (see  the  right-hand  figure,  p.  88b).  If 
the  ovules  (or  young  seeds)  are  in  the  center  or  grow  on  more  than  one 
side  of  the  ovary  (or  pod),  the  pistil  is  compound.  A  simple  pistil  is 
generally  plainly  one-sided.  A  symmetrical  pistil  is  compound. 

Inferior  Ovaries.  When  the  calyx  adheres  to  the  ovary,  so  as 
to  form,  after  the  ovary  has  matured,  the  outer  part  of  the  fruit,  ifc  is 
said  to  he  superior,  because  the  apparent  calyx,  its  lobes,  or  cup,  seem 
to  grow  upon  the  ovary.  For  the  same  reason  the  ovary  is  said  to  be  in- 
ferior (Figs.  68,  72).  There  are  all  degrees  of  adhesion,  from  the  slight 
union  at  the  base,  as  seen  in  Whipplea  (Fig.  73),  to  the  remarkable  ex- 
treme exhibited  in  the  plant  figured  on  p.  5,  in  which  not  only  the  ovary, 
but  several  inches  of  the  style,  is  adherent  to  the  calyx.  When  the 
adhesion  is  only  partial,  it  can  be  shown  by  cutting  the  flower  vertically, 
as  represented  in  Fig.  73. 

The  Fruit  is  the  ripened  ovary  (or  set  of  ovaries),  and  all  that 
directly  belongs  to  it.  A  dry  fruit  which  opens  in  any  way  to  let  out  the 
seeds  is  called  a  Pod.  A  pod  formed  by  the  growth  of  a  simple  pistil 
(one-carpeled)  is  called  a  Follicle  when  it  splits  only  along  the  side  which 
bears  the  seeds.  A  Legume  splits  down  both  edges.  Pods  formed  of 
several  carpels  are  called  Capsules.  Akenes  are  dry,  indehiscent,  seed- 
like  fruits,  containing  but  one  seed.  Utricles  are  distinguished  from 
akenes  by  their  thin  coats,  which  are  too  large  for  the  inclosed  seed. 


XXV111 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


There  are  many  other  names  applied  to 
fruits,  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  define 
here. 

The  Growth  of  Ovules.  You  can 
not  study  the  development  of  ovules  from  the 
beginning,  without  the  help  of  a  compound 
microscope,  but  you  can  easily  observe  all 
stages  of  growth,  from  a  tiny  green  speck 
to  the  full-grown  embryo.  Most  beeds  are 
nearly  full  grown  in  appearance  before  the 
embryo  is  more  than  fairly  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.  The  seed  coat,  filled  with  a 
syrupy  or  milky,  usually  sweet,  liquid,  ap- 
pears to  constitute  the  very  young  seed. 
With  a  sharp  knife  cut  in  halves  a  great 
many  green  peas,  in  size  from  half  grown 
upward.  You.  will  surely  find  in  some  of 
them  tiny  green  embryos,  and  you  may  get  specimens  from  the  size  of  a 
pin's  head  up  to  those  which  tightly  fill  the  seed  coat.  In  Fig.  75,  at  the 
top,  is  seen — magnified  two  diameters — the  young  seed  of  a  lupine,  cut  so 
as  to  show  the  j'oung  embryo  lying  in  one  end.  In  the  same  figure  is 
represented  a  radish  pod,  laid  open  so  as  to  show7  three  of  the  seeds,  two 
of  which  exhibit  their  partly  grown  embryos.*  Below,  at  6,  is  one  of 
these  magnified,  and  at  a  an  older  one,  also  magnified.  The  grown  em- 
bryo completely  fills  the  seed.  Observe  the  positions  of  the  embryos  in 
relation  to  the  stems  of  the  seeds  and  the  stems  of  the  pods.  The  lower 
seed  in  the  radish  is  fastened  to  the  lower  side  of  the  pod,  the  middle 
seed  grows  to  the  upper  side.  The  cotyledons  increase  much  more  in 
size  than  the  radicle.  The  embryo  evidently  grows,  in  part  at  least,  by 
absorbing  the  liquid  around  it.  Suppose  the  embryo  of  the  lupine  to  quit 
growing  at  the  size  represented  in  the  figure,  and  that  the  liquid  around 
it  thickens  until  it  becomes  solid.  Would  not  the  seed  thus  formed  be 
albuminous  ? 


*  These  are  cut  i'.i  two.     The  embryo  may  be  seen  through  the  seed  coat,  as  leprestutcd  ut  b,  by  hold 
ing  it  up  to  the  light.    Half  of  the  seed-coat  is  removed  from  a. 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


NAMES   OF  PLANTS:    CLASSIFICATION. 

In  a  general  way  we  designate  the  objects  around  us  by  single 
names.  We  speak  of  a  stone,  a  wolf,  or  a  pine;  but  to  distinguish  the 
kinds  we  naturally  use  two  names,  as  lime  stone,  sand  stone;  grey  wolf, 
prairie  wolf;  nut  pine,  yellow  pine,  etc.  This  is  one  step  in  classifica- 
tion, and  the  only  one  commonly  taken.  This  natural  plan  of  double 
names  was  adopted  by  the  great  naturalist,  Linnaeus,  who  gave  names  to 
most  European  plants,  as  well  as  to  many  of  this  continent.  He  wisely 
gave  the  Latin  form  to  his  names,  since  that  language  (being  the  base  of 
most  languages  spoken  in  civilized  countries)  is  the  natural  source  of  cos- 
mopolitan names — those  truly  common  to  all  people.  Botanical  names, 
then,  differ  from  Bo-called  common  names  principally  in  form,  and  they 
have  these  decided  advantages:  they  more  exactly  represent  the  rela- 
tions between  kinds  of  plants,  and  they  are  names  that  are  common  to 
people  of  all  languages.  In  short,  they  are  the  true  common  names. 

It  is  not  true  that  botanical  names  are  harder  than  local  names.  The  most  com- 
mon of  our  ornamental  plants  are  well  known  by  their  scientific  names.  No  one  thinks 
of  calling  the  following  botanical  names  hard :  Geranium;  Aster;  Verbena;  Petunia;  Por. 
tulaca;  Crocus;  Phlox;  Fuchsia;  Iris;  Magnolia;  Oxalis;  Azalea;  Dahlia;  Lobelia;  Ar- 
nica, etc.  Most  people  talk  familiarly  of  Camellias,  Callas,  Begonias,  Acacias;  etc. : 
while  our  beautiful  California  plants,  Clarkia,  Collinsia,  Eschscholtzia  Nemophila,  etc., 
are  well  known  by  their  proper  names — at  least,  in  other  countries. 

Generic  Names  correspond  to  the  second  parts  of  the  compound  com- 
mon names,  as  oak,  pine,  rose,  etc.  Some  of  these  are  the  old  Greek  or 
Latin  names  of  the  plant.  Most  generic  names  are  either  derived  from 
Greek  or  Latin  words  descriptive  of  some  peculiarity  of  the  plant,  or  they 
are  commemorative  of  some  botanist,  as  Thysanocarpus,  from  Greek 
words  meaning  fringe  and  pod;  Kelloggia,  in  honor  of  Dr.  A.  Kellogg,  a 
veteran  botanist  of  this  coast.  Sometimes  genera  are  named  in  honor  of 
those  who  are  not  botanists,  as  Fremontia,  Hollisteria,  etc. 


2  SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 

Fpf.cific  Names  are  adjectives  corresponding  to  the  first  parts  of  com- 
mon names.  They  are  usually  descriptive  of  some  characteristic  of  the 
plant,  as  Gilia  liniflora,  Flax-flowered  Gilia.  Frequently  a  species  is 
named  for  the  discoverer,  as  Gilia  Bolanderi,  Bolander's  Gilia;  often  for  the 
country  where  it  was  first  found,  or  where  it  abounds,  as  Ranunculus  Call- 
fornicus,  California  Buttercup.  Sometimes  there  are  varieties  of  a  species 
as  Trifolium  barbigerum,  Var.  Andrewsii,  Andrews'  Bearded-Clover. 

Orders  and  Classes.  Genera  are  grouped  in  Orders  or  Families, 
and  these  in  Classes.  There  are  two  classes  of  flowering  plants,  Exogens 
and  Endoyens. 

ANALYSIS  OF  PLANTS. 

This  whole  matter  of  naming  and  classifying  can  be  well  under- 
stood only  after  you  have  analyzed  many  plants;  i.  e.,  you  must  have 
carefully  examined  them  part  by  part,  and  patiently  compared  their  pecul- 
iarities with  the  descriptions  in  the  Flora  until  you  have  determined 
their  names.  In  the  beginning  there  will  be  many  failures;  but  do  not 
allow  them  to  discourage  you,  for  each  victory  will  make  the  way  easier 
to  other  conquests. 

Choose  for  your  first  studies  plants  with  large  flowers.  Do  not 
attempt  to  determine  the  name  of  a  plant  unless  you  have  specimens 
which  show  the  kind  of  inflorescence  and  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves 
on  the  stem.  If  possible,  secure  specimens  of  the  fruit  and  the  roots. 
If  in  any  plant  you  cannot  readily  distinguish  the  parts  of  the  flower  and 
their  relations  to  each  other,  lay  it  aside  until  the  study  of  easier  plants 
has  given  you  more  skill. 

The  first  thing  to  be  determined  in  analyzing  a  plant  is  the  Class; 
i.  e.,  you  must  decide  whether  it  is  an  Exogen  or  an  Endogen.  You  have 
learned  in  the  preceding  lessons  how  the  seeds  and  stems  of  these  two 
Classes  of  Flowering  Plants  differ.  Usually,  however,  the  leaves  and 
flowers  sufficiently  distinguish  the  class.  In  our  plants,  if  the  leaves  are 
parallel-veined;  or,  if  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  in  threes  the  plant  is  an 
endogen.  In  other  words,  if  there  is  no  network  of  intersecting  fibers 
between  the  ribs  of  the  leaves  the  plant  is  an  endogen;  if  the  flower  has 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


three  sepals  and  three  petals  (i.  e.,  a  perianth  of  six  leaves  or  lobes),  three 
or  six  stamens  and  three  or  six  pistils  (generally  united  to  form  a  compound 
pistil  with  a  three  or  six-celled  ovary)  the  plant  is  an  endogen.  When 
the  leaves  are  netted-veined,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  not  all  iu 
threes,  the  plant  is  an  exogen. 

It  is  a  good  plan  to  write  out  a  description  of  a  plant  before 
attempting  to  ascertain  its  name.  The  parts  may  be  described  in  this 
order:  Boots,  Stems,  Leaves,  Flowers,  Fruit. 

You  may  find  a  smooth  plant  bearing  a  loose  raceme  of  red  flowers, 
one  of  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  57.  The 
floral  leaves  are  all  colored,  but  there  are 
evidently  two  sets;  viz.:  a  calyx  of  5  sepals 
inclosing  a  corolla  of  4  petals.  The  parts  of 
the  flower,  then,  are  not  in  threes;  and,  since 
the  palmately  lobed  leaves  are  netted-veined 
the  plant  must  be  an  exogen.  Turning  to 
the  key,  we  proceed  as  follows : 

The  plant  must  belong  in  "  DIVISION  1,"  since  by  carefully  removing  the  sepals 
and  petals  we  find  that  the  latter  are  separate  from  each  other.  It  must  be  found  under 
"A,"  for  there  are  many  stamens.  The  stamens  are  free  from  the  calyx  and  corolla,  i.  e., 
they  are  hypogynous;  so  we  read  the  next  line:  "  Pistils,  few  to  many  distinct  carpels, 
rarely  one."  Our  flower  has  three  distinct  carpels,  therefore  we  feel  sure  that  it  must 
be  sought  under  one  of  the  next  five  equal  lines  beginning  with  "Calyx."  As  the 
calyx  is  easily  shaken  off  from  the  older  flowers  we  decide  that  it  is  deciduous.  The 
juice  is  colorless  also.  We  turn,  therefore,  to  RANUNCULACE^],  p.  16.  The  description 
of  the  order  is  satisfactory.  The  key  to  the  genera  begins  with  the  heading  "  *  Flowers 
regular"  Ours  is  not,  for  the  upper  sepal  is  unlike  the  others.  "  **  Flowers  irregular; 
colored  sepals  conspicuous,"  is  right.  We  now  choose  between  "Upper  sepal  spurred,' 

and  ' '  Upper  sepal  hooded. "  Evidently  the  first 
is  right,  and  the  genus  is  Delphinium.  We  find 
that  the  generic  description  on  p.  18  fits  our 
plant.  The  last  species  being  the  only  one  with 
red  flowers,  we  decide  that  our  plant  is  Del- 
phinium nudicaule,  or  the  Naked-stemmed  Lark- 
spur. 

The  order  Leguminosae,  or  the 
Pea  Family,  is  one  that  you  will  soon 


4  SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 

learn,  since  its  characteristics  are  well  marked.  We  will  suppose  that 
you  have  before  you  a  very  common  blue-flowered  shrubby  plant  belong- 
ing to  that  order,  a  single  flower  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  58.  Knowing 
the  order,  you  turn  at  once  to  p.  38,  and  begin  to  use  the  key  to  the 
genera. 

Carefully  removing  all  the  petals,  the  stamens  and  pistil  appear  as  in  a,  Fig.  59. 
The  filaments  are  united  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length  into  a  tube  which  incloses 
the  ovary  as  a  sheath  does  a  knife.  Of  the  three  sections  in  the  key,  then,  it  is  evident 
that  the  second  is  to  be  taken.  Since  some  of  the  anthers  have  shed  their  pollen,  and 
others  have  not,  it  is  safe  to  say  they  are  of  two  kinds — a  bud  will  show  the  difference 
better  (b,  Fig.  59.)  Moreover  the  leaves  are  digitate,  and  have  more  than  three  leaflets 
We  therefore  conclude  that  the  third  genus  is  the  one.  Our  plant  is  slightly  shrubby, 
so  we  pass  over  the  first  heading  in  the  synopsis  of  species.  Of  the  second  and  third 
headings  the  last  seems  the  most  likely  to  lead  us  aright.  Our  flower  is  blue,  so  \ve  have- 
to  choose  between  the  second  and  third  species.  The  words  "  Slightly  woody  at  the 
base,"  decide  us  in  favor  of  Lupinus  Douglam,  though  we  should  examine  more  speci- 
mens before  being  quite  positive. 

Fig.  GO  represents  a  flower  of  a  plant 
common  in  the  Redwood  forests.  Three  or 
more  of  the  dull-colored  flowers  grow  in  an 
umbel  on  a  very  short  scape  between  a  pair  of 
spreading  radical  leaves.  Since  the  leaves  have 
parallel  veins,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower  are 
in  threes,  we  must  use  the  Analytical  Key 
for  Endogens,  p.  13.  You  will  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  referring  the  plant  to  the  ORDER  LILIA- 
CE^:.  To  make  the  analysis  of  a  plant  in  that  60.  riowemf  s-oiiopiw.  a,  ono 

of  the  stamens  magnified,  showing 

large  order  easy,  the  genera  are  grouped  in  the  bursting  anther  ceils. 
three  Series.  Heading  the  characteristics  of  SERIES  I,  we  find  they  do 
not  correspond  with  those  of  our  plant,  which  has  no  floral  bracts,  which 
has  the  stamens  hypogynous  instead  of  perigynous,  the  anthers  extrorse 
instead  of  introrse,  etc.  Comparing  Series  II  with  Series  III,  we  decide 
that  our  plant  belongs  in  the  former,  since  the  perianth  is  not  persistent, 
and  the  flowers  are  not  in  racemes  or  panicles.  §  1,  in  Series  II  is  wrong, 
for  our  plant  has  no  leafy  stem.  Since  the  perianth  segments  of  our 
flower  are  dissimilar  we  try  §  3,  under  which  we  refer  our  plant  to  the 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


genus  tfcoliopus.  Turning  to  the  description  of  the  only  species  de- 
scribed, we  lind  it  satisfactory.  Upon  referring  to  the  Glossary  of 
Generic  and  Specific  Names  in  the  Lack  part  of  the  book,  we  find  why 
the  plant  was  named  Scollopus  Biyelovii. 

This  picture  represents  part  of  a  plant  whose  yellow 
flowers  'are  among  the  first  to  greet  the  new  year. 
It  is  shown  as  it  would  appear  if  cut  down  through 
the  center  after  removing  most  of  the  outer  leaves. 
The  leaves  and  flowers  all  grow  from  the  flat  summit 
of  a  thick  root-stock.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
buds  are  younger  as  the  center  is  approached.  Possi- 
bly you  have  tried  to  analyze  one  of  these  flowers. 
If  so,  you  probably  got  on  nicely  till  you  tried  to 
find  the  ovary.  I  hope  you  kept  searching  and  at 
last  felt  the  satisfaction  which  rewards  the  discoverer. 
However,  you  can  determine  the  name,  and  thus 
have  the  book  tell  you  where  the  ovary  is.  The 
poorest  eyes  can  see  that  the  leaves  are  all  radical; 
that  the  four  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  refiexed;  that 
four  broad  petals  and  eight  stamens  grow  upon  it; 
and  that  there  is  one  pistil-  whose  slender  style  bears 
a  globose  stigma.  You  can  not  doubt  that  the  plant 
is  to  be  sought  under  B.,  in  Division  1,  but  you  are 
unable  to  say  whether  the  ovary  is  superior  or  not. 
In  such  a  case,  search  first  for  the  order  under  tko 
head  "  OVARY  SUPERIOR;"  and,  if  not  satisfied 
there,  try  the  head  "OVARY  AND  FRUIT  INFERIOR." 
Since  there  is  but  one  pistil,  you  look  under  "  *  *  Pis- 
til only  one."  The  plant  is  not  a  shrub,  so  you  next 
stop  at  "ft  Herbs."  The  first  division  under  this  i3 
the  only  one  admissible,  because  the  leaves  are  all 
radical.  But  in  no  case  under  this  head  is  the  num- 
ber of  stamens  eight.  We  therefore  try  the  sub- 
head "2.  OVARY  AND  FRUIT  INFERIOR,"  etc.  It  is 
evident  that  the  descriptive  line,  "Parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  in  4's,"  etc.,  is  the  only  one  that  fits  our 
plant,  so  we  turn  to  p.  59,  where  we  find  nothing  in 
the  description  of  the  order  Onagracea?  to  rule  our 
plant  out.  The  lines  descriptive  of  the  genera  are 
all  nnsoited  to  our  plant,  except  one,  which  refers  us  to  the  genus  (Eiiotkera,  the  de- 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


Fig.  A.  Clarliia  elegans;  a,  in- 
ferior, sessile  ovary  of  the  axil- 
lary flowrer.  Fig.B.  Boisduvalla 
densiflora;  c,  inferior  ovary,  ses- 
sile in  the  axil  of  a  br..ct.  Fig. 
C.  Capsule  of  Godetia;  b,  cross 
section  of  the  same.  Fig.  D. 
Epilobium  paniculatum;  /;,  in- 
ferior ovary;  /,  a  crown  capsule; 
g,  tube  of  calyx  above  Ihe  ovary; 
e,  one  of  the  bifid  petals;  t,  one 
cf  the  seeds  bearing  a  tuft  of 
Silken  hairs. 

The  figure  on  the  right  rep- 
resents Cardamine  paucisecta, 
a  pod  of  which  is  represented  at 
e  on  the  opposite  page. 

scription  of  which  (p.  60)  is  satisfactory.  Our  plant  is  acaulcscent  or  stemless;  therefore, 
according  to  the  book,  the  calyx  tube  is  filiform  (slender)  above  the  underground  ovary. 
This  being  verified  by  examination,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  plant  is  (Enothera 
ovata.  You  now  see  that  the  flowers,  instead  of  growing  upon  scapes,  are  sessile  upon 
the  end  of  a  root-stock.  The  apparent  flower  stem  is  the  slender  calyx  tube  and  style 
consolidated.  When  you  plucked  the  flower,  the  ovary  was  left  under  the  ground.  No 
wonder  you  could  not  find  it.  Later  in  the  season  you  will  find  other  plants  belonging 
to  this  order;  then  the  figures  above  will  help  you. 

The  figure  at  the  right  above  represents  the  upper  part  of  a  plant  which  usually  grows 
in  moist  places.  The  white  flowers  have  four  separate  sepals;  four  petals;  six  stamens  in 
two  sets,  two  being  shorter  and  otherwise  different  from  the  other  four,  and  one  pistil. 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


These  characters  lead  you  in  the  key  to  the  Older  Cruciferoe,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  decide 
farther,  because  you  have  not  the  fruit.     Look  for  the  pods  a  few  weeks  later,  and  you 

will  find  them  long  and  flat,  as  represented  in  the 
figure  at  e  on  the  left.  You  can  then  determine 
the  name  of  the  plant.  The  seed  pods  here 
figured  will  help  you  in  determining  some  of  the 
plants  in  this  order. 

The  curious  flower  depicted  below  is  another 
early  bloomer.  You  must  cat  the  flower  open 
and  study  it  carefully.  The  four— sometimes 
five— petals  are  joined  together,  and  bear  upon 
the  short  tube  the  four  stamens  which  hug  the 
pistil  tightly  and  form  a  beak  like  that  of  a  bird. 
The  ovary  does  not  adhere  to  the  calyx,  and  if  a 
seed  pod  is  partly  grown,  it  will  be  easy  to  see 
that  the  seeds  grow  upon  a  central  placenta. 
Turning  to  the  key  you  are  called  upon  to  de- 
cide whether  the  stamens  are  opposite  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla  or  not.  They  certainly  are  op- 
posite, so  the  order  Primulaceae  is  evidently 
•where  our  plant  belongs.  The  pretty  little  for- 
eigner Anagallis  is  here  figured,  and  it  will  be 


UPPER  FIG.  — a,  indehiscent 
pod  of  Eaphanus  Raphanis- 
trum;  b,  pod  (fdlicle)  of  Cap- 
sella  Bursa-pastoris;  c,  pod  oi' 
Capsella  divaricata;  d,  pod 
(silique)  of  Tropidocarpum, 
flattened  contrary  to  the  parti- 
tion; e,  pod  of  Cardamine  pau- 

ci.-ecta,  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition  (septum);/,  two  pods  teilicle) 
of  Lepidium  nitidum,  and  two  partitions  from  which  the  valves  have  fallen, 
showing  that  there  was  one  seed  in  each  cell;  g,  pod  of  LcpiJium  latipesi 
showing  the  broad  pedicel  which  suggested  the  specific  name;  h,  a  branch 
of  Thysanocarpus  pusillus,  with  four  of  its  1-seeded  pods;  i,  one  of 
the  pods  magnified  to  show  the  hooked  hairs;  j,  pod  of  Thysanocarpus 
curvipes. 

LOWER  FIQ.— c,  reflexed  petals  of  Dodecatheon  Meadia;  /,  filaments;   a,    * 

anthers;  s,  stigma  (not  always  protruding);  i,  involucre;  p,  sjape  (radical  a 

peduncle).    The  horizontal  figure  represents  a  rather  small  branch  of  Ana-    S  

gallisarveusls. 


SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 


\vcll  to  read  the  description  cf 
Trientalis,  that  you  may  know  it 
when  found. 

When  you  get  a  head  of  the 
purple-blue  flower;  of  Brodi<m«, 
capitata,  figured  on  page  xxiv  of 
this  book,  it  will  be  the  proper 
time  to  study  the  figures  on  this 
page,  and  what  is  here  said  about 
the  genus  they  illustrate. 

Upon  p.  113  you  will  find  the 
species  grouped  under  three  sub-genera,  Or  sections. 
Figures  a,  d,  and  e  illustrate  the  first,  c  the  sec- 
ond, and  b  the  third.  The  species  belonging  to 
the  first  section  are  arranged  under  two  headj 
marked  by  asterisks,  and  those  under  the  first  head 
are  under  subheads  marked  by  daggers.  Species  4 
and  5  closely  resemble  number  6,  which  is  put  un- 
der a  different  head,  because  it  has  six  true  or 
anther- bearing  stamens  instead  of  three  stamens 
and  three  staminodia.  Fig.  a  shows  that  three  of 
the  filaments  came  near  being  antherless.  Petaloid 
a.  Perianth  of  Brodirca  capitata  laid  staminodia  lace  these  small  stamenR  in  species 
op.n,  with  pi.-_til  and  section  of  mature  L 

capsule.  5.  Two  segments  of  the  perianth  4  and  5'  and  the  fertlle  stamens  are  without  the 
cf.B.lactea  and  the  pistil,  c.  Perianth  and  winglike  appendages  shown  in  Fig.  a.  Observe 
pistil  of  B.  laxa.  d.  Bud  and  flower  of  B.  that  the  staminodia  in  one  of  these  species  are 
to  restris.  e.  Same  with  perianth  laid  cieft-  The  first  three  species  have  flowers  resem- 
open.  /.  The  pistil.  bling  the  Qne  ghown  in  Figg>  d  ^  ^  ^  whk.h 

the  staminodia  (opposite  the  outer  segments  of  the  perianth)  are  not  petaloid,  but 
resemble  true  stamens.  Observe  that  the  first  species  is  distinguished  by  staminodia  not 
notched  at  the  top  as  shown  in  the  figure.  The  species  in  §  Seubertia  resemble  the  first 
three  in  general  appearance,  but  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  very  different,  as  is  shown, 
by  Fig.  c.  Observe  that  the  stamens  have  versatile  instead  of  basifixed  anthers ;  and  the 
ovary  is  upon  a  stipe,  instead  of  being  sessile.  Douglas'  Brodicea,  of  Oregon,  is  like 
Fig.  c,  only  the  base  of  the  perianth  is  broader,  the  upper  row  of  stamens  have  broad 
bases,  the  stipe  is  shorter  and  the  flowers  are  on  short  pedicels,  so  as  to  form  a  sub- 
capitate  umbel.  The  most  common  species  of  the  third  section  is  the  "White  Broditea. 
Fig.  b  shows  a  part  of  the  flower. 

The  middle  figure  on  the  next  page  represents  a  plant,  the  curious  cup-like  leaves  of 
which  must  have  attracted  your  attention.  The  leaf  cups  are  frequently  much  larger  than 
here  shown,  and  borne  upon  stems  a  foot  or  more  in  height.  Though  the  flowers  are  small, 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


9 


you  readily  decide  that  the  sepals  are  two,  and 
that  there  are  five  petals  and  five  stamens.  The 
seed  pods  shew  that  there  is  but  one  pistil,  and 
that  the  calyx  does  not  adhere  to  the  ovary;  that 
is,  the  ovary  is  superior.  Armed  with  this  in- 
formation, you  turn  to  the  key  where  you  search 
under  "B.  STAMENS  10  or  less."  Evidently  the 
correct  subheads  are:  "1..  Ovary,  or  ovaries,  supe- 
rior," etc.;  "*  *  Pistil  only  one;"  "f  T  Herb. ;'' 
"J  Leaves  mostly  radical;"  "Stamens  5,  opposite  the 
petals;  sepals  2;  style  3-cleft— Portulacacese,  29." 
Turning  to  p.  29  you  find  that  Claytonia  is  the 
only  genus  having  5  stamens,  and  that  this  plant 
must  be  Claytonia  perfoliata. 

The  little  plant  figured  above  (a)  evidently  an- 
swers to  the  description  of  the  Var.  cxiyua,  which 
is  now  considered  by  the  best  authority  to  be  a 
distinct  species.  The  stem  leaves  are  sometimes 
broad  and  united  at  the  base.  The  radical  leaves 
are  nearly  terete,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  This 
species  is  most  obviously  distinguished  from  the 
two  varieties  of  the  Cup-leaved  Claytonia,  by  its 
glaucous  leaves.  The  plants  are  often  smaller 
than  here  represented,  and  rarely  much  larger. 

Kellogg's  Lavatera,  or  Tree  Mallows,  an  ever- 
blooming  shrub,  common  in  cultivation,  is  a  con- 
stant source  of  material  with  which  to  illustrate 
the  Mallows  Family.  The  figure  at  the  bottom  cf 
the  page  represents  one  of  the  flowers  cut  through 
the  center,  so  as  to  show  the  structure.  The  fruit 
of  a  very  common  weed  of  the  same  family  is  also 
shown.  The  most  common  native  plant  is  Sidalcea 
humilis,  described  on  page  32.  Hollyhock,  cotton, 
okra  and  Abutilon  are  foreign  plants  of  this  order, 
common  in  cultivation.  The  latter  is  a  shrub  with 
drooping  flowers;  the  petals  incurved,  and  the 
stamens  sticking  out  (exserted). 

UPPER  FIG. — a.  Claj  tonia  exigua  (entire  plant) .  />.  Clay- 
tonia perfoliata. 

LOWER  FIG. — a.  Fruit  of  JIalva  rotunclifolia.    6.  Same, 
showing  the  bracts  of  the  persistent  calyx,    c. 
Lavatera.     (L.  assurgentiflora.) 


10 


SYSTEMATIC     BOTANY. 


You  may  recognize  in  the  picture  on  this  page  the 
likeness  of  one  of  our  most  troublesome  native 
weeds.  The  yellow  flowers  are  often  smaller  than 
here  represented,  and  the  upper  leaves  are  generally 
narrower.  Indeed,  this  plant,  along  with  many 
others  of  this  coast,  is  provokingly  variable  in  its 
appearance.  Pull  off  a  corolla,  and  a  single  un- 
divided style  is  uncovered.  Follow  this  down  into 
the  calyx,  and  you  discover  that  it  grows  from  be- 
tween four  seed-like  ovaries.  These  are  more  easily 
seen  in  an  older  calyx,  as  shown  at  «.  Xow  it  hap- 
pens that  this  peculiar  compound  ovary,  together 
with  the  coiled  inflorescence,  belongs  only  to  plants 
of  the  order  Borraginacece.  A  coiled  inflorescence 
and  a  pistil  with  a  divided  style  is  found  only  in 
plants  of  the  order  Hydrophyllaceoe.  Any  plant 
with  a  four-parted  ovary  and  regular  flowers  may 
be  sought  under  the  former  order.  Creeping  Helio- 
trope or  Blue  Weed  (IltHotroplum  (Jura^avicinn)  is 
a  Borragiiiaceous  plant  with  ovaries  merely  4-lobed. 
The  Mint  Family  has  fruit  similar  to  that  of  the 
Borrages  (see  d  and  e  in  the  figure  on  p.  11),  but  the 
flowers  are  irregular.  The  Verbenas  are  distin- 
guished from  the  Mints  by  nearly  regular  flowers 
and  a  4-lobed  ovary,  which  does  not  split  into  parts 
Tintil  quite  ripe.  (See  a  in  the  left-hand  figure  on  page  11.) 

The  plant  figured  at  the  top  of  the  opposite  page  is  common  in  open  woods  throughout 
tlie  Coast  Ranges  and  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  flowers  are  white,  tinged 
with  purple.  Each  of  the  three  incurved  petals  is  covered  with  hairs  on  the  inner  side, 
and  is  marked  near  the  base  by  a  depression  which  is  seen  upon  the  outside  as  a  project- 
ing boss.  This  is  called  a  gland,  and  is  one  of  the  characteristic  marks  of  the  genus. 
Since  the  three-cornered  ovary  is  superior,  wTe  at  once  refer  the  plant  to  the  order 
LiliaceTe,  where  we  again  read  the  characters  given  in  each  of  the  three  series.  The 
stamens  in  this  plant  are  hypogynous,  not  perigynous,  and  the  anthers  are  extrorse. 
Therefore,  SERIES  I  is  passed.  SERIES  III  is  excluded,  because  the  anthers  in  this  plant 
are  not  versatile.  Evidently  the  name  is  to  be  sought  under  SERIES  II,  which  is  divided 
into  three  sections.  You  now  see  why  you  should  have  dug  up  one  of  the  plants.  How- 
ever, you  can  decide  the  genus  without  knowing  that  the  plant  is  bulbous.  It  can  not 
belong  to  §  3,  since  one  of  the  two  genera  under  it  has  umbellate  flowers,  and  the  other 
solitary  flowers.  In  §  2,  the  perianth  segments  are  similar.  Our  plant  then  must  be  sought 
in  §  1,  and  under  the  head  "*  *  Perianth  segments  unlike,"  which  leads  to  Calochortus, 


Amsinckia  lycopsoides.    a.  Calyx  spread 
apart  to  fcliow  the  ripe  akenes. 


SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 


11 


UPPEB  FIG. — Flower  and 
buds  of  Oal^chortus  albus, 
and  the  three-winged  fruit 
outlined. 

RIGHT- H  \ND  FIG.— a.  Flower 
of  Sphaceleciilycina.  b.  Same 
with  corolla  cut  to  show  sta- 
mens, pistil,  and  hairy  ring 
inside,  e.  Fruit  (4  globular 
akenes;  of  the  same,  lying  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  c. 
Flower  and  buds,  showing  in- 
florescence of  Trichostenja 
lanceolatum.  d.  Kipe  fruit  of 
the  same  (4  triangular  akenes 
in  the  persistent  calyx) . 

LEFT-HAND  FIG.  — Verbena 
hastata  (ppikcs  and  bracts). 
a.  Kipe  fruit  removed  from 
the  calyx  (natural  eize  and 
magnified) . 

p.  117.  The  subglobose 
and  nodding  flowers  place 
it  in  the  first  division  of 

§  1,  Eucalycliortus.  Our  plant  is  the  white  species.  The 
yellow  species  has  larger  flowers.  The  stiffly  erect,  open 
flowers  of  §  2  of  this  genus  have  a  markedly  different  ap- 
pearance from  the  species  here  figured;  yet  their  struc- 
ture is  similar.  The  spots  upon  the  petals  cause  them  to 

resemble  the  wings  of  butterflies;  hence  the  common  name  Butterfly  Tulip,  and  the  sec- 
tion name  ^Jan^osa. 


a 


ABBREVIATIONS 


OF   THE   NAMES    OP   AUTHORS   CITED   IN    THIS   BOOK. 

%*  The  names  (or  abbreviations)  following  botanical  names  indicate  the  botanists  wbc 
Darned  the   plants. 


A. DC.,  A.  De  Candolle. 

Arn.,  Arnott. 

Asch.,  Ascherson. 

Benth.,  Bentliam. 

Borkh.,  BorJchatisen. 

Brew.,  Brewer. 

Cav.,  Cavanilles. 

Cham.,  Chamisso. 

DC.,  De  Candolle. 

Desf . ,  Desfontaines. 

Dougl.,  Douglas. 

Endl.,  Endllcher. 

Engl.,  Engelmann. 

Esch.,  Eschscholtz. 

Fisch.,  FiscJier. 

Gr.,  Gray. 

Grise.,  Grisebach. 

HBK.,  Ilumboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kuntli. 

Hook.,  IF.  J.  Hooker. 

Horn.,  Hornemann. 

L.,  Linnaeus. 

Lag.,  Layasca. 


Ledeb.,  Ledebour. 
Lehm.,  Lelimann. 
L'Her.,  L*  fferitler. 
Lindl.,  Lindley. 
Magn.,  Magnus. 
Mey.,  Meyer. 
Menz.,  Menzies. 
Michx.,  Michaux. 
Moc.,  Mocino. 
Muhl.,  Muhlenberg. 
Nutt.,  Nuttall 
R  Br.,  Robert  Brown. 
Reichenb.,  Reichenbach. 
Ikem.,  Iiosmer. 
Sch.,  Schlechtendal. 
Schw.,  Kchweinitz. 
Scop.,  ticopoli. 
Steud.,  Steudel. 
Torr.,  Torrcrj. 
Tourn.,  Tournefort. 
Wai  p.,   Walpers. 
Willd.,   Willdenow. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY. 


The  calyx  and  corolla  together  of  either  more  or  less  than  six  parts* CLASS  I 

The  calyx  and  corolla  together  of  6  parts: 

Stamens  6  or  less CLASS  II 

Stamens  9; Umbellularia,  p.  106,  or  Eriogonum,  105 

Stamens  10;  united  sepals  5 Leguminosse,     38 

Stamens  many;  caducous  sepals  2 Fapaveraceae,     20 

Stamens  many;  sepals  3 Sagittaria,  122 

CLASS  I.— EXOGENS  OR  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Calyx  and  corolla  both  present. 

Petals  not  united  (free) Division  1 

Petals  more  or  less  united  (cohering) Division  2 

Corolla  wanting;  calyx  often  petaloid,  sometimes  wanting Division  3 

DIVISION  L— POLYPETAL^. 

A,     Stamens  more  than  10  and  more  than  double  the  number  of 
petals. 

1.    HYPOGYNOUS,  i.  e.,  on  the  receptacle  (not  adhering  to  the  sepals  or  petals). 
*  Pistils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels,  rarely  one. 

Calyx  deciduous,  sepals  5 Rammculaceee,  16 

Calyx  caducous,  sepals  2  or  3 Papaveraceas,  20 

Calyx  persistent,  sepals  3  or  4;  aquatic  plants Nymphseacese,  20 

Calyx  persistent;  leaves  all  radical Rosacese,  49 

Calyx  petaloid;  corolla  wanting Rammculacea3,  16 

*  *  Pistil  one  and  compound,  as  shown  by  two  or  more  stigmas,  or  more  than  one  cell  in  the 

ovary. 
Petals  more  numerous  than  the  sepals. 

Indefinitely  numerous,  slender,  persistent;  aquatic  plants Nymphaeace33,     20 

Just  twice  as  many  (4-6);  sepals  caducous Papaveraceae,     20 

Five  to  sixteen;  sepals  persistent;  fleshy  herbs Portulacaceae,     29 

*  Maianthemum  (seep.  115)  has  a  4- parted  perianth;  4  stamens  and  2  or  3  parallel  veiued  leaves. 


14  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

Petals  of  the  same  number  (5)  as  the  persistent  sepals,  yellow. 

Leaves  opposite;  sepals  equal Hypericacese,  30 

Leaves  alternate;  2  outer  sepals  smaller Cistaceae,  25 

2.  PERIGYNOUS  or  EPIGYNOUS  (on  the  free  or  adnate  calyx). 

Leaves  opposite,  simple;  fleshy  herbs Ficoideae,  63 

Shrubs.     Sepals  and  petals  numerous Calycanthaceae,  55 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5 Saxifragaceae,  55 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules Rosaceae,  49 

Without  stipules;  rough  herbs Loasaceae,  62 

3.  ON  THE  CLAWS  OP  THE  PETALS. 

Stamens  free;  calyx  a  cap;  petals  4 Papaveracese,  20 

Stamens  many  united  to  form  a  tube;  petals  5 Malvaceae,  31 

Stamens  10  to  16  united  for  half  the  length;  petals  5-8 Styracaceae,  20 

B.     Stamens  10  or  less. 

1.     OVARY  or  OVARIES  SUPERIOR  (free  from  the  calyx),  or  mainly  so,  but 
sometimes  included  in  the  calyx-tube. 

*  Pistils  more  than  one  and  distinct  (not  united). 
Pistils  of  the  same  number,  as  petals  and  the  sepals. 

Leaves  simple  entire,  fleshy Crassulaceae,  58 

Leaves  pinnate;  styles  united Geraniaceae,  33 

Pistils  not  corresponding  in  number  with  the  petals  and  sepals. 

Two,  united  at  the  base.     Trees  with  compound  leaves Sapindace  33,  37 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves Saxifragaceae,  55 

Many.     Stamens  on  the  receptacle Ranuiiculaceae,  16 

Stamens  on  the  calyx Rosaceae,  49 

*  *  Pistil  only  one. 

t  Shrubs  or  trees. 
Style  and  stigma  one. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6  each,  in  3's  opposite  each  other.  .Berberidaceas,  19 

4  to  5  each;  leaves  3-foliolate,  alternate . .  Rutaceae,  34 

5  each;  leaves  simple,  opposite Celastraceas,  35 

Calyx  2-lipped;  petals  unequal;  stamens  5-8,  exserted Sapindaceae,  37 

Calyx  4-toothed;  petals  2;  stamens  2-4;  fruit  a  samara Oleaceas,  73 

Styles  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 

Styles  2;  leaves  opposite;  fruit  2-winged Sapindaceae,  37 

Style  3-cleft;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  small  petals Rhamuaceae,  35 

Stigmas  3;  leaves  alternate  3-foliolate Anacardiaceas,  38 

Stigma  5-lobed;  a  small  shrub  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves Ericaceae,  68 


•  J^x^ 

or  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

1 1  Herbs. 

J  Leaves  mostly  radical. 

Stamens  5,  anthers  united;  lower  petal  spurred;  style  1 Violaceae,  25 

Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals.     Sepals  2;  style  3-cleft Portulacaceae,  29 

Sepals  united;  styles  5 Plumbaginaceae,  71 

Stamens  10,  on  the  receptacle;  stigma  5-lobed Ericaceae,  68 

Stamens  10,  on  the  calyx;  styles  2 Saxifragaceae,  55 

Stamens  6,  in  3's;  sepals  2;  petals  4,  in  pairs Fumariaceae.  22 

J  J  Leaves  alternate. 

Corolla  regular. 

Stigma  one,  often  2-lobed;  stamens  6  (2  and  4) Cruciferae,  22 

Stigma  1,  calyx  a  striated  tube  bearing  6  petals Lythraceae,  59 

Stigmas  5;  sepals  and  petals  5  each;  stamens  5-10 Geraniaceae,  33 

Styles  3-5;  sepals  and  petals  5  each;  stamens  5 Linaceae,  32 

Style  3-cleft;  sepals  2;  petals  5;  fleshy  herbs Fortulacaceae,  29 

Corolla  irregular;  style  one. 

Stamens  10;  fruit  a  legume Leguminosce,  38 

Stamens  5;  anthers  united;  lower  petal  spurred Violaceae,  25 

Stamens  6.  in  2  sets;  stigma  2-lobed Fumariaceae,  22 

Stamens  6-8,  united;  ovary  2-celled Folygalacese,  27 

+  +  +  Leaves  opposite  or  wliorled. 

Styles  2-5;  fruit  a  1 -celled  capsule;  stamens  10  or  5 Caryophyllaceae,  27 

Styles  3;  flowers  sessile;  stamens  4  to  7 Frankeniaceae,  20 

Styles  or  stigmas  5;  fruit  5  akenes Geraniaceae,  33 

Small  white  flowers  clustered  on  terminal  peduncles Saxifragaceae,  55 

Leaves  in  3's;  white  flowers;  petals  6  in  2  sets Fapaveraceas,  20 

Leaves  a  single  pair  on  the  stems;  fleshy Fortulacaceae,  29 

2.     OVARY  AND  FRUIT  INFERIOR  (adherent  to  the  calyx),  or  mainly  so. 

Shrubs;  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  each  4-5;  leaves  simple. 

Stamens  opposite  the  clawed  petals;  style  3  cleft Rhamnaceae,  35 

Sepals  petaloid;  ovary  globose;  styles  2,  or  2-cleft Saxifragaceae,  55 

Leaves  opposite;  flowers  in  heads  with  petaloid  involucre  or  in  \ 
cymes;  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  4  each ) 

Herbs.     Sepals  and  petals  each  5;  styles  distinct;  leaves  simple Saxifragaceae,  55 

Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  4's  (rarely  in  2's  or  6's) Onagraceae,  59 

Tendril-bearing  vines,  with  prickly  fruit Cucurbitaceae,  63 

Flowers  in  umbels;  styles  2 Umbelliforaa,  63 


14b  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

DIVISION  2.     GAMOPETAL^. 

A.  Ovary  Inferior  (adherent  to  the  calyx)  or  largely  so. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  8  or  10. 

Distinct  and  free  from  it,  or  nearly  so Ericaceae,     63 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (5,  rarely  4),  united  into  a  tube. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head,  resembling  a  single  blossom CompositaB,     66 

Flowers  separate  in  racemes  or  spikes;  ovary  slender Lobeliaceas,     G7 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  distinct. 

Nearly  or  quite  free;  leaves  alternate,  no  stipules Camparmlaceas,     67 

Inserted  on  the  corolla;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

"With  stipules,  or  in  whorls,  entire  Riibiacese,     65 

Without  stipules,  opposite.     Calyx  with  minute  lobes. . .  Caprifoliaceee,     64 

Prostrate  herbs.     Abronia  in Nyctaginacece,  104 

Stamens  only  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite;  stamens  distinct;  flowers  minute Valerianaceee,     66 

Leaves  alternate;  stamens  united;  fruit  prickly Cucurbitaces3,     63 

B.  Ovary  Superior  (free  from  the  calyx)  or  nearly  so. 
1.     FLOWERS  REGULAR  or  nearly  so. 

*  Stamens,  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Stamens  8-10,  distinct;  corolla  campanulate  or  ovoid ,- , Ericaceae,  G8 

Filaments  united  for  half  their  length;  corolla  nearly  polypetalous Styrax,  20 

Pistils  or  styles  as  many  as  the  petals;  fleshy  herbs Crassulaceas,  58 

*  *  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Styles  5;  long-clawed  petals,  scarcely  united Flumbaginacese,  71 

Style  1 ;  corolla  lobes,  reflexed  or  rotate Friinulaceas,  72 

*  *  *  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them. 

Style  and  stigma  one,  leaves  entire  (lobed  in  the  first). 

Leaves  mostly  radical;  flowers  on  a  scape Romanzoffia  in  Hydrophyllaceae,  80 

Leaves  all  radical;  flowers  in  a  spike;  4-lobed  corolla  scarious Flantaginacece,  103 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  mostly  in  coiled  spikes;  ovary  4-lobed Borraginaceas,  83 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  rotate  to  funnelform;  ovary  2-celled Solanacese,  88 

Leaves  opposite;  flowers  in  cymes;  ovaries  2 Apocynaceas,  73 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  flowers  in  umbels;  ovaries  2 Asclepiadaceae,  73 

Style  1  or  none,  stigmas  2. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  entire,  or )   Gentianace£e  ^4 

Leaves  alternate,  3-foliolate,  on  a  creeping  rootstock ) 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  14c 

Leaves  alternate;  twining  vines;  flowers  funnelform,  axillary Convolvulaceae,  86 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  not  axillary Hydrophyllaceae,  80 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  in  a  head,  with  acerose  bracts Gilla,  §  5,  78 

Style  2-cleft Hydrophyllaceae,  80 

Style  3-cleft,  or  stigmas  3 Folemoniaceae,  75 

Style  2;  leaves  simple  or  none. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves j  Conyolvul  88 

Flowers  clustered  on  nliiorm  parasitic  stems ) 

Flowers  in  naked  cy mose  clusters ;  shrubs Hydrophyllaceae,  80 

*  *  *  *  Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  slightly  irregular  corolla. 
Limosella  or  Veronica  in Scrophulariaceae,     93 

2.  FLOWERS  IRREGULAR.     Stamens  with  anthers  4  in  pairs  or  2;  style  1; 
leaves  opposite  or  none,  except  in  some  of  tiie  Scrophulariacese. 

Ovary  1-celled;  corolla  curved;  leafless  root  parasites Orobaiichaceae,     96 

Ovary  2-celled  Scrophulariacese,     89 

Ovary  4  parted,  forming  in  fruit  4  seedlike  nutlets Labiatae,     97 

Ovary  4-lobed;  fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets Verbenaceae,  102 

DIVISION,  3.    APETAL^E. 

A.  Ovary  inferior  (calyx  adherent)  or  apparently  so. 

Leaves  cordate;  calyx  3-lobed;  capsule  6-celled Aristolochiaceae,  104 

Leaves  opposite;  calyx  salver-form;  ovary  1 -seeded Nyctaginaceee,  104 

Leaves  opposite;  calyx  inconspicuous;  corolla  tubular Caprifoliaceae,     64 

B,  Ovary  superior  (free  from  the  calyx). 

*  Herbs;  leaves  alternate. 

Petaloid  calyx  withering-persistent;  akene  3-cornered  or  flat Polygonaceae,  105 

Petaloid  sepals  deciduous;  carpels  several Ranunculaceae,  16 

Sepals  4,  green,  deciduous;  small  pods  2-celled Cruciferae,  22 

Flowers  asepalous  in  a  spike,  with  a  petaloid  involucre Anemopsis,  106 

*  *  Herbs;  leaves  opposite,  entire. 
Capsule  1-celled;  style  and  stigma  1;  leaves  fleshy. 

Stems  prostrate;  flowers  in  involucrate  heads Nyctaginaceae,  104 

Stems  erect;  flowers  axillary Glaux  in  Frimulaceae,  73 

Capsule  1  -celled ;  style  or  stigmas,  3  or  more Caryophyllaceae,  27 

Capsule  3-5-celled;  flowers  axillary Alollugo  in  Ficoideee,  63 


ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

*  Shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  entire  (except  in  the  last}. 

Calyx  tubular,  bearing  the  stamens;  akene  tailed Rosaceae,  49 

Calyx  6-parted,  yellowish;  leaves  aromatic Lauracese,  106 

Calyx  4-5-cleft,  greenish;  fruit  cherry-like Rhamiiaceae,  35 

Calyx  3-4-cleft,  yellowish;  stamens  6-8 Thymelacese,  107 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bright  yellow;  stamens  5,  united Sterculiaceae,  20 

*  *  *  *  Trees ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnate. 

Fruit  a  slender  samara OleaceEe,     73 

Fruit  a  double  samara SapimlacecS,     37 

*****  A  half -woody  climber;  leaves  opposite. — Clematis,  16. 
CLASS  II.— ENDOGENS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

A.  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary  (ovary  inferior). 

Flowers  irregular.     Anthers  1  or  2  on  the  pistil OrchidaceEe,  108 

Flowers  regular.     Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse Iridaceae.  110 

B.  Perianth  free  (ovary  superior). 

Flowers  in  whorls.     Carpels  8  to  many Alismaceae,  108 

Pistil  3-celled;  stamens  3  to  6 Liliace^,  110 

Flowers  greenish  in  a  spiko , Trljhchin  in  Alismaceae,  108 

Perianth  4-parted;  stamens  4.     Stein  2-3-leaved MaiantJiemum,  115 

Pistil  2-celled;  red  flowers  in  an  umbel Clintonia,  1 19 


BOTANY 


OP 


WEST-CENTRAL  CALIFORNIA. 


SERIES  I. 
FLOWERING-  OR  PH^NOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 

Plants  producing  flowers  and  seeds ;  the  former  consisting,  at  least,  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  which  may  be  together  in  the  same  flower,  or  they  may  separately  form  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  growing  on  the  same  individual,  or  different  individuals  of  cue 
species ;  the  latter  containing  a  germ,  or  embryo. 


CLASS  I.—  P^XOGEXS  on  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  consisting  of  pith  in  the  center,  bark  on  the  outside,  and  between  these,  fibrous 
or  woody  tissue,  which,  in  perennial  stems,  increases  from  year  to  year  by  the  addition  of 
layers  on  the  outside  next  the  bark.  Embryo  usually  of  two  opposite  cotyledons,  or  rarely 
with  several  in  a  whorl. 


I. — ANGIOSPERMS. 
Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary  which  forms  the  fruit.    Cotyledons  two. 


16  BANUNOULACE^;.      (dlOWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


DIVISION  I.    POLYPETAL^. 

ORDER  1.     RANUNCULACE.ZE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  colorless  juice;  foliage  various;  stipules  none;  organs  of  the 
flower  free  and  distinct;  sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  few  or  many;  stamens  numerous;  petals 
sometimes  wanting,  then  the  sepals  are  usually  petaloid;  anthers  short  and  aduate;  seeds 
with  minute  embryos  in  fleshy  albumen. 

*  Flowers  regular. 

Petals  none;  shrubby  climbers .-> Clematis.  1 

Petals  none;  small  herbs ,. Anemone.  2 

Petals  5  or  more;  carpels  numerous Ranunculus.  3 

Petals  5,  spurred;  carpels  5. .' Aquilegia.  4 

jft 
*  *  Flowers  irregular;  colored  sepals  conspicuous. 

Upper  sepal  spurred Delphinium.  5 

Upper  sepal  hooded. «• Aconitum.  6 

*  *  *  Sepals  large,  leaf-like,  persistent. 
Flowers  large Feeonia.     7 

1.     CLEMATIS,     L.        VIRGIN'S  BOWER. 

Sepals  4,  colored  and  petal-like,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Pistils  numerous;  styles  persistent, 
becoming  long  feathery  tails  in  fruit.  Ilalf-woody  climbers  or  perennial  herbs,  with 
opposite  leaves. 

1.  C.    ligusticifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  climbing  by  the  petioles  of  the  5-foliolate  leaves; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-lobed  and 
coarsely  toothed,  rarely  entire  or  3-parted.     Flowers  direcious,  paniculate;   sepals  thin, 
silky,  white,  4  to  C  lines  long;  akenes  pubescent;  tails  1  to  2  inches  long. 

Var.     Californica,  "Watson.     Leaves  silky-tomentose  beneath,  often  small. 

2.  C.    lasiantha,  Nutt.     Leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  1  to  1£  inches  long,  acute, 
coarsely  toothed  or  3-lobed  or  the  terminal  3-parted.     Flowers  solitary  on  1-2-bractcd 
peduncles;  sepals  obtuse,  thick,  6  to  10  lines  long. 

2.     ANEMONE,     L. 

Sepals  4  to  20,  colored  and  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none.  Pistils 
cumeroxis;  style  short;  stigma  lateral;  akenes  compressed,  pointed,  in  a  head.  Erect 
perennial  herbs,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  which  are  radical,  except  those  which  form 
an  involucre  below  the  flower. 


EANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  17 

1.  A.  nexnorosa,  L.  (Wooo  ANEMONE.)  Smooth  or  somewhat  villous;  sterna 
from  a  slender  rootstock,  3  to  12  inches  high,  without  radical  leaves,  one-flowered;  invo- 
lucre of  3  petioled  ternate  leaves,  the  divisions  cuneate-oblong  to  ovate,  incisely  toothed 
or  lobed,  or  the  lateral  ones  2-parted,  about  an  inch  long;  the  4  to  7  sepals  pinkish  or 
white;  akenes  12  to  20,  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak. 

Here  belongs  Thalictrum  Fendleri,  Englm.  A  smooth  apetalous  dioecious  herb;  also, 
Myosurus  minimus,  L.  A  very  small  herb,  with  a  tuft  of  linear  or  spatulate  entire 
radical  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes;  called  Mouse-tally  from  its  long, 
narrow  receptacle,  densely  covered  with  small  akenes. 

3.    RANUNCULUS,  L.     BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  3  to  18.  Pistils  numerous.  Akenes  in  a  head,  usually  flat- 
tened, beaked  with  the  persistent  style. 

§  1.     Aquatic  herbs;  petals  white,  with  a  pit  at  the  base,  the  claw  yellow;  akenes  trans- 
versely wrinkled. 

1.  R.  hederaceus,  L.,  var.     Glabrous;  stems  6  to  12  inches  long,  floating;  leaves 
commonly  all  floating,  3  to  8  lines  wide,  deeply  3-lobed,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base; 
the  lobes  equal,  oval  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  usually  with  a  broad  notch  in  the  apex; 
submersed  leaves  none  or  rudimentary  and  resembling  adventitious  roots;  peduncles 
opposite  the  upper  leaves,  thicker  than  the  petiole,  6  to  8  lines  long;  sepals  a  line  long; 
petals  2  lines  long,  obovate  oblong;  stamens  5  to  9;  akenes  4  to  6. 

2.  R.  aquatilis,   L.,   var.  tricophyllus,   Chaix.      Stems  long,  filiform;  leaves  all 
submersed  and  cut  into  numerous  capillary  segments,  which  are  4  to  10  lines  long;  flowers 
3  to  5  lines  in  diameter;  akenes  numerous  in  a  globular  head. 

§  2.     Terrestrial  herbs,  but  often  growing  in  wet  places;  sepals  green;  petals  yellow,  with 
a  scale  at  the  base;  akenes  neither  wrinkled  nor  hispid. 

*  All  the  leaves  undivided,  the  margins  entire. 

3.  R.    Flammula,  L.,  var.  reptans,  Gr.     Glabrous  throughout;  stems  filiform,  creep- 
ing and  rooting  at  the  joints,  4  to  10  inches  long;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute  at 
each  end,  entire;  flowers  2  to  5  lines  in  diameter;  petals  broadly  obovate,  one  half  longer 
than  the  sepals;  akenes  few,  in  a  small  globular  head,  plump,  smooth;  beak  very  short 
and  curved. 

4.  R.  alismsefolius,  Geyer.     Similar  to  the  last  species,  but  with  stoutish,  erect 
stems,  longer  flowers  and  obtuse  leaves;  akenes  straight-beaked. 

*  *  Some  or  all  the  leaves  ternately  compound. 

5.  R.     Californicus,  Benth.     More  or  less  hairy;  stems  erect,  or  nearly  so,  12  to  18 
inches  high;  radical  leaves,  commonly  pinnately  ternate,  the  leaves  laciniately  cut  into 
3  to  7  parts,  which  are  usually  linear;  flowers  bright  yellow,  5  to  10  lines  in  diameter; 


18  KAUNCULACE2E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

petals  10  to  14,  narrowly  obovate;  sepals  shorter  than  the  petals,  reflexcd;  akenes  nearly 
2  lines  long,  flat,  with  sharp  edges;  beak  short  and  curved;  heads  compact,  ovato  or 
globular. 

This  is  by  far  the  most  common  species,  and  usually  the  only  one  collected  by  begin- 
ners. It  varies  greatly.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  simply  three  lobed  and  sometimes 
much  cut  up.  [R.  Bloomeri,  Wat.,  belongs  here.  See  p.  122.] 

G.  R.  macrantkus,  Scheele.  Stems  stout,  2  to  5  ft.  high;  flowers  14  to  18  lines  in 
diameter;  petals  commonly  5  or  G,  broadly  obovate,  shining  yellow. 

§  3.     Akenes  roucjli;  otherwise  as  in  §  2. 

7.  R.   hebe carpus,    Hook.  &  Arn.     Rather  slender,  more  or  less  hairy;  flowers 
minute;  petals  5,  not  more  than  a  line  long;  sepals  hairy,  about  equaling  the  petals. 

8.  R.  muricatus,  L.     Smooth;  flowers  5  or  more  lines  in  diameter;  akenes  large 
and  rough,  with  recurved  Jbeaks.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

4.  AQUILEGIA,  Tourn.     COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  and  petal-like;  petals  5,  produced  backward  (upward)  into  a 
long  tubular  spur;  stamens  numerous,  exserted,  the  inner  ones  reduced  to  thin  scales; 
pistils  5;  styles  slender.  Flowers  nodding,  showy,  terminating  the  branches. 

1.  A.  truncata,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stems  1  to  3  ft.  high;  flowers  usually  red,  tinged 
with  orange  or  yeUowj  leaves  usually  ternately  compound,  leaflets  lobed. 

5.  DELPHINIUM,  Tourn.     LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  colored  and  petal-like,  very  irregular,  the  upper  one  prolonged  backwards  at 
the  base  into  a  long  spur,  which  (in  our  species)  contains  spur-like  prolongations  of  the 
upper  pair  of  petals.  Petals  4,  small  and  irregular.  Stamens  many.  Pistils  1  to  5.  Erect 
herbs,  with  palmately-cleft,  lobed,  or  dissected  leaves,  and  racemose  flowers. 

1.  D.  simplex,  Dougl.     Canescent  throughout,  with  a  fine,  short,  somewhat  woolly 
pubescence,  rarely  smooth;  stem  stout  and  strict,  1  to  3  ft.  high,  leafy;  leaves  all  much 
dissected  with  linear  obtuse  lobes,  on  stout,  erect  petioles;  racemes  usually  dense  and 
many-flowered,  the  pedicels  often  short  and  nearly  erect;  flowers  small,  blue,  varying  to 
nearly  white  or  yellowish;  sepals  4  or  5  lines  long,  about  equaling  the  stout,  straight 
spur;  ovaries  and  capsule  pubescent. 

2.  D.  variegatum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Foliage  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  flowers  much 
larger,  on  longer  pedicels,  forming  a  short,  open  raceme;  ovary  and  capsule  pubescent. 

3.  D.  decorum.  Fisch.  &  May.     Lower  leaves  5-lobed,  sparingly  toothed,  the  upper 
with  narrow  divisions.     Flowers  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  spur  is  usually  longer,  and 
the  ovary  and  capsule  smooth. 

4.  D.     Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  stout,  2  to  7  ft.  high;  leaves  large,  3  to 


BERBERID  AGILE.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.)  19 

5  cleft,  the  divisions  variously  lobcd;  pedicels  and  dull  bluish  flowers  densely  velvety 
pubescent.  '**"•*"*",    > 

D.  nudicaule,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Distinguished  by  its  red  flowers. 

6.    ACONITUM,  Tourn.     MONKSHOOD. 

Sepals  5,  colored  and  petal-like,  very  irregular;  the  upper  one  arched  into  a  hood  or 
helmet,  which  conceals  the  spur-like  blades  ol  the  upper  pair  of  petals.  General  appear- 
auce  similar  to  Delphinium. 

1.  A.  Columbianum,  Nutt.  Sufficiently  characterized  by  the  generic  description. 
Rare. 

7.     P2BONIA,    L. 

Sepals  5,  herbaceous.  Petals  5  to  10.  Stamens  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk.  Pistila 
2  to  5.  Fruit  leathery  follicles.  Perennial  herbs  with  compound  leaves. 

1.  P.  Brownii,  Dougl.  Leaves  thick,  1-2-tcmately  compound,  the  leaflets  ternately 
and  pinnately  lobed,  glaucous;  petals  leathery,  dull,  dark  red,  about  equaling  the  sepals. 


ORDER  2.     BERBERIDACEJE. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  compound  alternate  exstipulate  leaves;  flowers  remarkable  for 
having  the  bracts,  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  before  each  other,  instead  of  alternating. 

Low  shrubs,  with  rigid  pinnate  leaves  and  small  yellow  flowers Berberis.     1 

A  fern-like  herb,  with  white  flowers , Vancouveria.     2 

1.    BERBERIS,  L.     BARBERRY. 

Sepals,   petals,  and  stamens  C  each,  with  3  or  6  bractlets.     Carpel  1,  forming  a  berry. 
Smooth  shrubs,  with  yellow  wood,  and  yellow  flowers  in  bracteate  racemes. 

*  Lea/lets  pinnately  veined. 

1.  B.  repens,  Lindl.     Less  than  a  foot  high;  leaflets  3  to  7,  ovate,  acute,  1  to  2J 
inches  long,  not  shiny  above;  short  racemes  terminating  the  stems. 

2.  B.     Aquifolium,  Pursh.     2  to  4  ft.  high;  leaflets  7  or  more,  the  lower  pair  distant 
from  the  stem,  1^  to  4  inches  long,  shining  above,  spiny;  racemes  chiefly  clustered  in 
subterminal  axils. 

3.  B.  pinnata,  Lag.     Like  the  last  species,  but  the  leaves  more  crowded,  and  the 
lower  pair  of  leaflets  near  the  base  of  the  petiole;  usually  5  to  7  leaflets. 

*  *  Leaflets  palmately  nerved. 

4.  B.  nervosa,  Pursh.     Simple  stems  but  a  few  inches  high;  leaves  1  to  2  ft  long, 
of  11  to  17  leaflets. 


20  PAPAVERACE.E.       (POPPY   FAMILY.) 

2.     VANCOUVERIA,  Morren  &  Decaisne. 

Sepals  and  petals  6  each,  reflexed,  with  6  to  9  bractlets.  Stamens  6.  Carpel  1 ;  the 
stigma  cup-shaped.  A  slender  perennial  herb,  with  radical  2-3-ternately  compound 
leaves,  and  the  open  paniculate  raceme  upon  a  naked  scape. 

V.  hexandra,  Morr.  &  Dec.  The  long  petioled  leaves  rising  like  the  fronds  of  a 
fern,  leaflets  1  to  2  inches  broad,  petiolulate,  obtusely  3-lobed,  the  margin  thickened; 
the  minute  flowers  on  a  scape  exceeding  the  leaves. 


ORDER  3.     NYMPH^ACE^E. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  peltate  or  deeply  cordate  leaves;  solitary  axillary  perfect 
flowers  on  long  peduncles.  Stamens  numerous. 

Water-Shield.  (Brasenia  peltata,  Pursh.)  May  be  found  in  ponds.  Its  elliptical,  pel- 
tate, floating  leaves  (green  above  and  brownish-red  beneath)  and  its  jelly-coated  sterna 
characterize  it  quite  well  enough. 

The  Yellow  Pond-Lily  (Nuphar  polysepalum,  Engl. )  is  more  common. 


The  Order  Sarraceniaceee  is  represented  by  the  remarkable  Darlmgtonia  Calif omica, 
or  California  Pitcher  Plant,  which  grows  in  cold  swamps  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  from  Mount  Shasta  to  near  the  coast. 

Franlcenia  yrandifolia  grows  in  saline  soils,  and  may  be  known  by  its  opposite  sessile, 
obovate,  or  linear  oblanceolate,  small  leaves,  with  revolute  margins;  and  by  its  small, 
pink  flowers.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  a  Silene,  which  at  first  it  seems  to  be,  by  its 
fewer  (4  to  7)  stamens  and  sessile  flowers. 

The  Order  Frankeniaceae  should  come  next  to  Caryophyllacem.  Frenumtia  Califor- 
nica,  belonging  to  the  Order  Sterculiacese,  which  is  allied  to  the  Malvaceae,  is  most 
conveniently  described  here  also.  It  is  a  small  tree,  bearing  conspicuous  yellow  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  usually  broadly  cordate,  lobed  leaves.  The  apetalous  flowers  are  some- 
times 2  or  3  inches  across. 

The  Order  Capparidaceae  is  represented  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  and  southward,  by 
Isomeris  arborea,  a  low  shrub,  bearing  bracteate  racemes  of  yellow  flowers,  the  pistils 
conspicuous  on  account  of  their  long  stipes.  The  flowers  of  this  plant  are  apparently 
like  those  of  the  Cruciferse,  and  its  proper  place  is  next  to  that  order.  Capers  are  ob- 
tained from  a  cultivated  plant  of  this  order. 

The  Order  Styracaceae  is  represented  by  Styrax  Californica,  a  pretty  shrub,  bearing 
clusters  of  nearly  rotate  white  flowers,  in  which  the  gamopetalous  corolla  is  cut  down  to 
the  short  tube  which  is  adnate  to  the  tube  formed  by  the  stamens:  Calyx  truncate. 


PAPAVERACE^E.       'POPPY.    FAMILY.) 


20a 


ORDER  4.     PAP  AVERAGES 


On  the  left  above  is  represented 
an   opening   bud   of    Eschscholtzia. 

I  The  cap-like  calyx  has  been  split  at 

the  bottom  and  shoved  upward  by 
the  expanding  petals.  Next  to  this 
bud  is  an  open  flower  of  Meconopsis  and  one  of  its  nodding  buds.  Behind  the  flower, 
and  projecting  above  it  to  the  right,  is  a  stem  from  which  the  petals  have  just  fallen. 
The  slender  filaments  bending  to  one  side,  as  they  often  do,  show  the  curious  pistil 
which  in  time  becomes  the  pretty  fluted  capsule  seen  below.  To  the  right  of  the  Meco- 
nopsis pod  is  the  three-sided  capsule  of  Platystigma  lineare.  The  stem  should  have  a 
few  hairs  upon  it.  The  two  flowers  with  hairy  stems,  the  nodding  buds  below,  and  the 
rough  seed  pod  above,  belong  to  Platystemon.  Observe  the  three  caducous  sepals,  just 
ready  to  drop  from  the  opening  bud.  The  smooth  plant  on  the  right  is  Platystigma 
Californicum.  If  you  choose  you  may  call  this  the  Smooth  Platystigma,  and  the  other 
species,  with  the  triangular  pod,  Hairy  Platystigma.  The  exceedingly  prickly  Bristly 
Argemone  is  represented  011  the  right,  below,  by  a  bud  and  a  couple  of  bracts.  A  pistil 
with  its  white  prickles  is  imperfectly  shown  against  one  of  the  bracts. 
The  Order  Papaveraceas  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  2  or  3  caducous  sepals, 


20b  PAPAVERACEJE,       ( POPPY  FAMILY.) 

twice  as  many  free  petals  in  two  sets,  indefinite,  usually  numerous,  free  stamens,  and  a 
compound  pistil.  In  Eschscholtzia  the  sepals  are  united,  and  the  stamens  adhere  to  the 
claws  oi  the  petals. 

This  small  but  interesting  order  of  plants,  with  the  exception  of  one  species,  is  con- 
fined to  the  northern  hemisphere.  Fifteen  species,  belonging  to  eleven  genera,  are  natives 
of  the  United  States,  and  several  European  species  have  become  naturalized.  Esch- 
scholtzia and  Platystemon  are  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the  California  genera. 

Romnf.ya  Coulteri  is  a  half  shrubby  plant,  with  smooth  pinnatifid  leaves  and  very  large  white  flowers 
(3,  4,  or  even  6  inches  across) ,  a  native  of  the  coast  from  San  Diego  to  Santa  Barbara  County. 

Arctomecon  is  another  white-flowered  plant,  with  somewhat  hairy,  nearly  entire  leaves;  the  petals 
persistent;  found  in  south  Kevada  arid  Utah. 

Canbya,  a  recently  discovered  plant  of  south-east  California,  is  the  smallest  of  the  order,  being 
scarcely  an  inch  in  height.  The  small  white  petals  are  persistent. 

Papaver  Sormiiferum,  a  native  of  Asia,  furnishes  opium,  which  is  the  dried  juice  of  the  plant.  A 
variety  of  this  species  is  cultivated  in  this  State  for  the  seeds,  from  which  is  expressed  poppy  oil,  used 
by  artists.  This  oil  is  also  used  as  a  substitute  for  olive  oil  in  the  preparation  of  salads,  etc. 

*  Herbs  wlih  entire  leaves,  the  uppermost  whorled  or  opposite,  sepals  3. 

Filiform  stigmas  6  to  many  (pistil  hollow) .Platystemon.     1 

Flat  stigmas  3 Platystigma.     2 

*  *  Herbs  with  divided  or  lobed  leaves. 

Slightly  lobed  stigma,  style  distinct;  sepals  2 Meconopsis.     3 

Filiform  stigmas  unequal;  sepals  united  to  form  a  conical  cap Eschscholtzia.     4 

Entire  plant  bristly  with  prickles;  sepals  3,  each  with  a  horn Argemone.  la 

^j&^LS^Shrub  with  entire  leaves. 
Buds  globular;  stigmas  2 f. Dendromecon.     5 

la.     ARGEMONE,  L. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  spinosely  beaked.  Petals  4  or  G.  Stamens  numerous,  with  linear 
anthers.  Leaves  sinuately  pinnatifid,  prickly  toothed. 

1.  A.  hispida,  Or.  (Chicalote).  Erect,  armed  with  rigid  bristles  and  prickles;  leaves 
3  to  6  inches  long;  flowers,  nearly  white,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter;  capsule  1-^  inches 
long. 

1.     PLATYSTEMO1T,  Benth.         CREAM-CUPS. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6.  Stamens  many,  with  flattened  filaments  and  linear  anthers. 
Torulose  carpels  at  first  united;  stigmas  free. 

1.  P.  Californicus,  Benth.  Slender,  branching,  6  to  12  inches  high;  villous,  with 
spreading  hairs;  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sessile  or  clasping,  broadly  linear,  obtuse, 


PAPAVERACE<3E.       (POPPY  FAMILY.)  21 

palc-grecn.     Sepals  hairy;  petals  pale-yellow,  shading  to  orange  in  the  center,  3  to  3 
lines  long.  <?/<  **  c^, 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA,  Benth. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  4  to  6.  Stamens  few  or  many,  with  narrow  filaments.  Ovary 
3-angled,  oblong  or  linear;  stigmas  3,  ovate  to  linear.  Low,  slender  annuals,  resembling 
Platyxtemon  in  habit,  with  pale-green,  entire,  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves  and  long- 
peduncled  pale-yellow  or  creamy- white  flowers. 

1.  P.  lineare,   Benth.     Hairy,    short-stemmed;  stamens  many,   with  dilated  fila- 
ments; stigmas  broad;  capsule  ovate. 

2.  P.     Californicum,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Smooth,  long-stemmed;  stamens  few  (10  to 
12)  with  filiform  filaments;  stigmas  narrow;  capsule  linear. 

3.  MBCONOPSIS,  Viguier. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filiform  filaments  and  oblong  anthers. 
Style  distinct;  stigma  4-8-lobed.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  M.  heterophylla,  Benth.  Annual,  smooth,  slender,  1  to  2  ft.  high;  lower  leaves 
long  petioled,  pinnately  divided,  the  segments  oval  to  linear  and  2  to  12  lines  long;  upper 
leaves  sessile;  flowers  scarlet  to  orange,  the  petals  2  to  12  lines  long;  peduncles  elongated. 
Very  variable. 

4.     ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Chamisso. 

Sepals  coherent  into  a  narrow  pointed  hood,  which  drops  off  from  the  top  shaped  torus 
when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  long 
anthers.  Smooth  annuals,  with  colorless,  bitter  juice;  finely  dissected,  pale-green  alter- 
nate petioled  leaves,  and  bright  orange  or  yellow  (rarely  white)  flowers. 

1.  E.  Californica,  Cham.  Has  stout  branching  steins,  1  to  1J  ft.  high;  flowers  2 
to  4  inches  in  diameter,  brilliant  orange  toward  the  center;  capsule  2^  inches  long,  curved. 

Var.  Douglasii,  Gr.     More  slender;  flowers  yellow. 

Var.  caespitosa,  Brewer.     Scape-like  peduncles;  small  yellow  flowers. 

5.    DENDROMECON,  Benth. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  linear  anthers. 
Ovary  linear;  style  short;  stigmas  2,  short  and  erect.  The  many  seeded  capsule  dehis- 
cent the  whole  length  by  2  valves  separating  from  the  placental  ribs.  A  smooth 
branching  shrub,  with  alternate  vertical  entire  thick  and  rigid  leaves  and  showy  yellow 
flowers.  The  only  true  woody  plant  belonging  to  the  order. 

1.  D.  rigidum,  Benth.  A  shrub  2  to  8  ft.  high,  with  slender  branches  and  whitish 
bark;  leaves  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  very  acute  or  mucronatc, 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  twisted  into  a  vertical  position,  margin  rough  or  denticulate. 


22  CRUCIFERJS.       (MUSTARD   FAMILY.) 

ORDER    5.       FUMARIACEJE. 

Tender  herbs  with  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  irregular  hypogynous  flowers,  the 
parts  in  twos,  except  the  6  diadelphous  stamens. 

1.     DICBNTRA,  Borkh. 

Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like,  sometimes  caducous.  Corolla  of  two  pairs  of  petals, 
flattened  and  cordate;  the  outer  pair  the  larger  and  sacked  at  the  base,  the  tips  spreading; 
tho  inner,  spoon-shaped,  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  inclosing  the  anthers  and  stigma. 
Stamens  in  two  sets,  3  before  each  of  the  outer  petals,  filaments  slightly  cohering. 
Style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed,  each  lobe  sometimes  2-crested. 

1.  D.  formosa,  DC.     Leaves  radical,  and  the  compound  racemes  of  rose-colored 
flowers  borne  on  naked  scapes. 

2.  D.     chrysantba,  Hook.  &  Am.     The  flowers  in  long  terminal  paniculate  racemes 
on  leafy  stems;  corolla  narrow,  scarcely  cordate,  golden  yellow. 


ORDER  6.     CRUCIFER^E. 

Herbs  with  pungent  watery  juice.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  with  blade  narrowed  into  a 
claw,  the  lamina  spreading  to  form  a  cross,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them 
inserted  lower  down  on  the  receptacle  and  shorter  than  the  other  four.  Ovary  2-celled 
by  a  thin  partition,  rarely  1-celled.  Leaves  alternate,  and  flowers  usually  in  racemes 
without  bracts. 

Since  a  careful  examination  of  the  fruit  is  usually  necessary  for  the  determination  of 
Bpecies  in  this  difficult  order,  only  such  plants  as  have  large  flowers  or  remarkable  fruit 
are  here  described. 

§  1.    Pod  dehiscent,  2-valved. 

*  Pod  elongated,  compressed  parallel  with  the  partition;  seeds  flat. 

Pctioled  leaves,  lobed  or  divided;  root  tuberous Cardamine.  1 

Stem  leaves  sessile,  entire;  root  perpendicular. 

Flowers  purple '. Arabis.  2 

Flowers  orange Choiranthus.  3 

Flowers  yellowish. Erysimum.  4 

*  *  Pod  terete;  seeds  globose. 
Flowers  Yellow. Brassica.     5 

*  *  *  Pod  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition. 

Pod  linear;  flowers  axillary,  yellow Tropidocarptim.  6 

Pod  obcordate;  flowers  minute Capsella.  7 

Pod  obovate,  2-winged  at  the  top Lopidium.  8 


CRUCIFEKJS.     (MUSTAED  FAMILY.)  23 

§  2.     Pod  indehiscent,  1-celled. 

Pod  orbicular,  winged  with  a  thin  broad  margin;  flowers  minute.  ..Thysanocarpus.     9 
Pod  long,  pithy;  seeds  large;  flowers  large,  veiny -  - . .  Raphauus.     10 

1.     CARDAMINE,  L. 

Pod  linear,  with  somewhat  thickened  margins,  merely  pointed  or  beaked  above;  valves 
flat,  nerveless.  Seeds  in  one  row  somewhat  flattened,  wingless;  cotyledons  flat,  accum- 
bent.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  white  or  pinkish. 

1.  C.  paucisecta,  Benth.  Stems  from  small  deep-seated  tubers,  erect,  8  to  18  inches 
high;  leaves  various;  the  upper  deeply  lobed  or  parted,  the  lower  often  simple;  petals 
6  to  9  lines  long;  pods  1  to  1^  inches  long. 

2.    ARABIS.  L. 

Pod  linear;  valves  1-nerved,  not  strongly.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows,  flattened;  cotyledons 
accumbeiit.  Sepals  short  or  narrow,  rarely  colored.  Petals  with  a  narrow  claw,  white, 
rose-colored,  or  purple. 

1.  A.  blepharophylla,  Hook.  &  Am.      Stems  often  tufted  4  to  12  inches  high; 
leaves  strongly  ciliate,  sometimes  sparingly  sinuate- toothed,  the  lower  obovate  or  broadly 
epatulate,  the  cauline  oblong,  sessile;  petals  bright  purple,  C  to  9  lines  long. 

2.  A.  Breweri,  Wat.    Cespitose,  canescent,  with  dense  stellate  pubescence;  stems  2  to 
10  inches  high;  petals  1  to  4  lines  long,  deep  rose-color;  sepals  purplish;  pods  spreading 
or  recurved. 

3.     CHEIRANTHTJS,  L. 

Pod  elongated,  compressed;  valves  1-nerved  or  carinate.  Seeds  in  one  row,  flattened, 
not  winged;  cotyledons  accumbent,  or  rarely  oblique.  Calyx  not  colored,  the  outer  sepals 
strongly  gibbous.  Stigma  with  two  spreading  lobes. 

1.  C.  asper,  Cham.  &  Sch.  Rather  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed  2-parted 
hairs;  stem  simple  erect,  leafy,  1  to  3  ft.  high;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  the  lower 
long  petioled,  entire  or  sinuate-toothed;  sepals  broad  4  to  6  lines  long,  half  the  length 
of  the  bright  yellow  or  orange  petals;  pods  1 J  to  2  inches  long. 

4.    ERYSIMTJM,  L. 

Pod  4-angled  by  the  prominent  mid-nerve  of  the  valves,  not  stipitate;  cotyledons 
incumbent  or  oblique.  Sepals,  petals  and  stigma  like  the  last. 

1.  E.  asperum,  DC.  Similar  to  the  last;  sepals  narrower;  petals  usually  creamy 
white  to  yellow. 

5.     BRASSICA,  L.        MUSTARD. 

Pod  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  long  conical  beak.     Seeds  in 


24:  CRUCIFEB2E.       (MUSTAED   FAMILY.) 

one  row  globose;  cotyledons  infolding  the  radical.     Lateral   sepals  usually  gibbous. 
Petals  yellow. 

1.  B.    campestris,  L.     Smooth;  lower  leaves  pinnately  divided,  with  a  large  ter- 
minal lobe;  the  upper  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  a  broad  clasping  base;  pods  2 
inches  long  or  more. 

2.  B.  nigra,  Boiss.     Larger;  leaves  all  petioled;  pods  less  than  an  inch  long. 

Not  to  be  confounded  with  Sisymbrium  ofBcinale,  Scop.,  which  has  runcinately 
pinnatilid  leaves,  small  yellow  flowers  and  closely  appressed,  subulate  sessile  pods  half 
an  inch  long;  or,  with  S.  acutangulum,  DC.,  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  pods  on  short 
pedicels,  erect  and  over  an  inch  long.  The  last  are  called  Hedge  Mustards. 

6.     TROPIDOCARPUM,  Hook 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  often  1 -celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  narrow  partition. 
Seeds  in  two  rows,  minute;  cotyledons  incumbent.  A  low  hirsute  branching  annual, 
with  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  yellow,  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  gracile,  Hook.  Stems  weak;  petals  1£  to  3  lines  long,  broad;  pods  C  to  20 
lines  long,  pointed  at  both  ends. 

7.     CAPSELLA,  Mosnch.        SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. 

Pod  obcordate,  much  flattened,  many-seeded;  cotyledons  incumbent.  Slender  and 
mostly  smooth  annuals,  with  minute  flowers. 

1.  C.     Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.     Somewhat  hirsute  at  base;  radical  leaves  mostly 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  cauline  lanceolate,  clasping. 

2.  C.  divaricata,  Walp.     Very  slender;  pods  elliptic-oblong;  is  more  rare. 

8.    LEPIDIUM,  L.        PEPPERGRASS. 

Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  emarginately  2-winged  at  the  summit;  the  cells  1-seeded. 
Low  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers;  the  petals  in 
some  species  wanting,  and  the  stamens  only  2  or  4. 

1.  L.  latipes,  Hook.     Stems  stout,  simple  1  to  3  inches  high,   surpassed  by  the 
irregularly  and  coarsely  pinnatifid  leaves;  racemes  capitate,  in  fruit  an  inch  long  or  less; 
Bcpals  very  unequal;  pod  strongly  reticulated,  the  acute  wings  nearly  as  long. 

2.  L.  oxycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  simple  or  branched  3  to  6  inches  high; 
smooth;  raceme  lax,  elongated;  pod  smooth,  rounded,  nodding,  the  broad  acute  teeth 
short  and  divergent;  petals  none. 

3.  L.  nitidum,  Nutt.     Similar  to  the  last,  but  larger;  petals  present;  pods  smooth 
and  shining,  acutely  margined. 

4.  L.     Menziesii,  DC.     Hispid;   petals  none;  pods  not  margined,  except  by  the 
very  short  teeth  at  the  summit. 


VIOLACE.E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  25 

Var.  (?)  strictmn,  Wat.  Sepals  green,  persistent;  fruiting  racemes  crowded  cylin- 
dric-capitate,  the  pedicels  erect,  low  and  spreading.  This  plant  seems  to  be  a  separate 
epecies.  It  has  been  found  in  San  Francisco,  by  Miss  Annie  Hughes. 

9.  THYSANOCARPUS,  Hook. 

Pod  1 -celled,  1 -seeded,  plano-convex,  mostly  pendulous  on  slender  pedicels.  Flowers 
minute,  white  or  rose-colored. 

1.  T.   curvipes,  Hook.     Six  inches  to  two  feet  high;  the  upper  leaves  clasping  by  a 
broad  auricled  base;  pods  densely  tomentose  or  smooth,  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter,  the  wing 
entire  or  crenate,  veined  and  often  perforate,  emarginate  at  the  top  and  tipped  with  the 
purple  style.     The  perforate-wing  form  called  Lace-pod. 

2.  T.   laciniatus,  Nutt.     Smaller  and  more  slender;  the  cauline  leaves  scarcely 
auricled  at  the  base;   pods  obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  2  to  3  lines  long. 

Var.  crenatus,  Brewer.     The  broader  wing  deeply  crenate  or  fringed.     Fringe-pod. 

3.  T.  radians,  Benth.     Pods  round,  4  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  scarcely  emarginate, 
with  a  broad  entire  translucent  wing  conspicuously  marked  by  radiating  nerves. 

4.  T.   pusillus,  Hook.    May  be  known  by  its  minute  pods  hirsute  with  hooked  hairs. 

10.  RAFHANUS,  L.        RADISH. 
Coarse  introduced  annuals. 

1.  R.   sativus,  L.,  has  a  pointed  2-seeded  pod. 

2.  R.   Raphanistrum,  L.,  has  a  necklace-shaped  pod,  long  beaked,  1-9-seeded 

ORDER  7.     CISTACE^S. 

Flowers  perfect  and  regular.  Sepals  5,  persistent;  and  two  of  them  smaller,  wholly 
exterior,  and  bract-like.  Petals  5,  usually  ephemeral.  Stamens  indefinite,  with  filiform 
filaments;  anthers  short.  Style  one.  Capsule  3-valved. 

1.     HBLIANTHEMUM,  Tourn. 

Petals  broad.  Stamens  numerous  (about  20).  Style  short;  stigma  3-lobed.  Low 
branching  herbs,  or  somewhat  woody;  flowers  yellow,  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

1.  H.  scoparium,  Nutt.  Much  branched,  hairy  or  smooth,  about  a  foot  high;  leaves 
narrow,  4  to  12  lines  long,  alternate;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  one  or  several  termin- 
ating the  branches;  petals  4  lines  long. 

ORDER  8.     VIOLACE^E. 

Herbs  distinguished  by  the  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  stamens,  aclnate 
introse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  which  has  a  club-shaped  style  with  a  one  sided 


26  VIOLACE2E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Btigma,  a  one  celled  ovary,  forming  a  capsule,  which  splits  at  maturity  into  three  parts. 
Represented  only  by  the  familiar  genus 

1.    VIOLA,  L. 

Sepals  unequal,  auricled  at  the  base.  Petals  unequal,  lower  one  spurred.  Anthers 
nearly  sessile,  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two  lower  bearing  spurs  which  are 
inclosed  by  the  spur  of  the  petal.  (See  ADDENDA.  ) 

*  Leaves  undivided. 

4-  Flowers  not  yellow,  or  orange. 

1.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  adunca,  Gr.     Flowers  violet  or  purple.     Low  stems  sending 
out  runners;  leaves  ovate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  obscurely  crenate;  stipules 
foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  lacerately  toothed;  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  curved; 
lateral  petals  bearded. 

Var.  lougipes,  Wat.     The  obtuse  spur  straight. 

2.  V.   ocellata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  nearly  erect,  6  to  12  inches  high;  leaves  cordate 
to  cordate-ovate,  acutish,  conspicuously  crenate;    stipules  small,  scarious;  upper  petals 
white  within,  purple-brown  without,  the  others  pale-yellow  veined  with  purple. 


Flowers  yellow,  tinged  with  purple. 

3.  V.    pedunculata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  with  a  decumbent  or  procumbent  base; 
leaves  rombic-cordate,  with  truncate  or  abruptly  cuneate  base,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate; 
stipules  foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  or  gashed;  showy  flowers  on  peduncles 
exceeding  the  leaves;  petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  the  upper  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside, 
the  others  veined  with  deep  purple;  lateral  petals  bearded;  capsule  smooth. 

4.  V.   aurea,  Kellogg.     Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  or  sometimes  truncate 
at  base,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  laciniate;  peduncle  but 
little  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  4  to  6  lines  long,  as  in  the  last,  but  lighter  yellow; 
capsule  pubescent. 

5.  V.     Nuttallii,  Pursh.      Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,   attenuate  into  a  long 
petiole,  entire,  or  obscurely  ainuate;  stipules  entire;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  tho 
leaves. 

4-4-4-  Flowers  yellow. 

6.  V.    sarmentosa,  Dougl.     Leaves  rounded-cordate,  reniform,  or  sometimes  ovate, 
finely  crenate,  usually  punctate  with  dark  dots.     Flowers  small. 

*  *  Leaves  divided  or  lobed;  flowers  yellow,  tinged  with  brown-purple. 

7.  V.   lobata,  Benth.     Distinguished  by  its  stout  stems  and  large  palmately  5  to 
9-lobed  leaves.     Flowers  large. 

8.  V.    chrysantha,    Hook.      Stems  short;  leaves  bipinnatifid,    with  narrow  seg- 
ments.    Flowers  large,  like  V.    pedunculata,  but  the  lateral  petals  are  not  bearded. 


CARYOPHYLLACE2E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  9.     POLYGALACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  remarkable  for  the  papilio- 
naceous-looking flowers.  In  our  genus  the  ovary  is  2-celled. 

1.    FOLYGALA,  Tourn. 

Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  ones  large  and  petal-like.  Petals  3,  united  to 
each  other  and  to  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  hooded  and  often  crested  or  beaked. 
Stamens  G  to  8,  the  filaments  united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  adnate  at  the  base  to  the 
petals.  The  2-celled  ovary  forms  a  capsule  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  notched 
or  retuse  above. 

1.  P.  cucullata,  Benth.    Stems  slender  from  a  woody  base,  2  to  8  inches  high;  leaves 
Bmooth,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-elliptical,  \  to  1  inch  long,  short  petioled;  flowers 
rose-color;  outer  sepals  2£  lines  long,  rounded-saccate  at  the  base;  the  wings  broadly 
Bpatulate,  4  to  6  lines  long. 

2.  P.  Californica,  Nutt.     Stouter;  flowers  greenish  white. 


ORDER  10.     CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

Herbs  with  regular  and  mostly  perfect  flowers,  persistent  calyx,  its  parts  and  the  petals 
4  or  5  and  imbricated  or  the  latter  sometimes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  distinct  stamens 
commonly  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  ovary  1 -celled  with  a  free  central  placenta.  Stems 
usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite,  often  united  at  the  base  by  a  transverse 
line,  in  one  group  with  interposed  scarious  stipules.  Styles  2  to  5,  mostly  distinct. 
Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by  teeth  at  the  summit.  Flowers  terminal,  or  in 
the  forks,  or  in  cymes. 

Many  species  in  this  order  are  difficult  to  determine. 

*  Sepals  united  into  a  4-5-toothed  calyx.     Petals  long-clawed. 
Petals  with  bifid  appendages  Silene.     1 

*  *  Sepals  distinct;  petals  without  claws. 

Petals  bifid;  capsule  cylindric Cerastium.  2 

Petals  bifid  capsule  globose Stellaria.  3 

Petals  entire;  capsule  globose Arenaria.  4 

Stipules  present;  styles  5 Spergula.  5 

Stipules  present;  styles  3 Lepigonum.  6 

1.     SILENE,    L. 

Calyx  tubular,  cylindrical  to  campanulate,  5-toothed,  10-nerved.     Petals  5,  with  nar- 


28  CAKYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

row  claws;  the  blade  mostly  bifid  or  many-cleft  and  usually  crowned  with  2  scales  at 
the  base.     Stamens  10;  styles  3,  erect.     Capsule  dehiscent  by  G,  rarely  3  teeth. 

1.  S.     Gallica,    L.     Hairy;    leaves  spatulate,   1  to  1J  inches  long;  calyx  oblong- 
cylindric,  becoming  expanded  by  the  growth  of  the  ovoid  capsule;  flowers  small,  rose- 
colored,  in  one-sided  close  racemes;  petals  entire,  slightly  twisted. 

2.  S.     Californica,  Durand.      Glandular-pubescent;  stems  6  inches  to  3  ft.  high, 
lax,  leafy;  flowers  large,  deep  scarlet,  few  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  7  to  10  lines 
long;  petals  deeply  parted  with  bifid  segments,  the  lobes  2-3-toothed  or  entire,  with 
often  a  lateral  one. 

3.  S.    Douglasii,  Hook.     Stems  simple  few-flowered;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate 
to  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long;  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  often  inflated,  5  to  7  lines  long; 
petals  rose-color  or  nearly  white;  8  to  1.0  lines  long,  bifid  with  broad  obtuse  lobes;  claw 
broadly  auricled;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  long  stiped. 

2.    CERASTITJM,  L.        MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  emarginate  or  bifid.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5,  rarely  less.  The 
curved  capsule  dehiscing  by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  are  styles.  Flowers  white. 

1.  C,  pilosum,  Ledeb.  Erect,  rather  stout,  more  or  less  densely  pilose;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  \  to  an  inch  or  more  long,  acute,  almost  sheathing  at  the  base;  flowers 
from  \  to  1  inch  in  diameter. 

C.  AEVENSE,  L.,  has  downy  acute  leaves. 

C.  VULGATUM,  L.,  has  ovate  or  obovate  obtuse  leaves;  flowers  clustered. 

3.     STELIiARIA,  L.        CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-cleft.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer  by  abortion.  Low 
herbs  with  minute  white  flowers  and  4-angled  stems. 

1.  S.     media,  L.    Weak  and  spreading,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints;  the  ovate  leaves 
less  than  an  inch  long  on  hairy  petioles,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile;  stamens  3  to  10. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  S.     nitens.  Nutt.,  has  small  sessile  lanceolate  leaves  and  narrow  shining  sepals 
surpassing  the  minute  petals. 

3.  S.     littoralis,  Torr.,  is  rather  a  stout  hairy  plant,  with  ovate  leaves;  flowers  in 
a  terminal  cyme.     May  be  found  on  the  sea-shore. 

4.    ARENARIA,  L.        SANDWORT. 

Distinguished  chiefly  from  Stellaria  by  the  entire  petals  and  usually  by  the  tuftefl 
stems  and  subulate  rigid  leaves.  In  our  species  the  3  valves  of  the  capsule  are  entire; 
bracts  foliaceous.  , 

1.     A.    Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Slender,  much  branched,  3  to  6  inches  high;  leaves 


PORTULACACE^E.       (PURSLANE   FAMILY.) 

filiform,  3  to  12  lines  long;  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels;  sepals  3-nerved;  petals  obovate, 
2  lines  long  or  more;  longer  than  the  sepals. 

2.  A.    Californica,  Brew.     Leaves  lanceolate,  1  or  2  lines  long;  flowers  smaller  than 
the  last;  petals  spatulate. 

3.  A.  palustris,  Wat.     Stems  weak,  4  to  8  inches  high;  leaves  linear,  flaccid,  6  to 
12  lines  long;  flowers  few  on  long  pedicels;  petals  3  or  4  lines  long.     In  swamps. 

5.    SPERGULA,  L.        CORN-SPURRY. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  rarely  5.  Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovuled; 
styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Annuals  dichotomously  branched,  with  awl-shaped 
apparently  whorled  leaves  (fascicled). 

1.  S.  arvensis,  L.  The  almost  filiform  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long;  flowers  white,  the 
Jong  pedicels  at  length  reflexed.  Naturalized. 

6.    LEFIGONTJM,  Fries.        SAND-SPURRY. 

t 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  rarely  fewer.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer  by  abortion.  Ovary 
1-celled,  many  ovuled;  styles  3,  or  rarely  5.  Low  herbs,  with  setaceous  or  linear  fascicled 
leaves;  flowers  white  or  pink,  pediceled. 

1.  L.  macrothecum,  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Rather  stout,  often  a  foot  high;  leaves  fleshy 
|  to  2  inches  long,  with  large  ovate  stipules;  pedicels  becoming  reflexed;  sepals  3  or 
more  lines  long,  equaling  the  pinkish  petals.     In  salt-marshes. 

2.  L.  medium,  Fries.     More  slender  than  the  last,  with  smaller  flowers  on  shorter 
pedicels. 

ORDER  11.     PORTULACACEJE. 

Succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves,  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  perfect 
flowers;  the  sepals  only  2,  the  petals  2  to  5  or  more;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals 
When  of  the  same  number;  the  ovary  1-celled.  Stamens  sometimes  indefinitely  numerous, 
commonly  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals,  these  sometimes  united  at  the  base.  Style 
2  to  S-cleft.  Stipules  none. 

*  Sepals  2,  distinct,  persistent. 

Stamens  more  than  5 Calandrinia.     1 

Stamens  5 Clay tonia.     2 

*  *  Sepals  4  to  8 Lewisia.     3 

1.     CALANDRINIA,  H  B  K. 

Petals  mostly  5  (3  to  10).  Stamens  5  to  15.  Ovary  free,  many-ovuled;  style  3-cleft, 
short.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  3-valved.  Seeds  shining-black.  L^>w  succulent  herbs 
with  alternate  leaves. 


30  HYPERICACEJ2.       (ST.  JOHN^S-WORT   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Smooth,  branching  from  the  base,  the  stems  ascending; 
leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  the  lower  on  slender  petioles;  sepals 
keeled,  the  calyx  4-angled  in  the  bud;  petals  broadly  obovate,  red  to  purple,  2  to  C  lines 
long.  One  of  the  most  abundant  of  open  ground  early  flowers. 


,  L. 

Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  5.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  and  seeds  as  in  Calandrinia. 
Radical  leaves  numerous;  cauline  perfoliate,  or  a  pair. 

1.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.     Stems  2  to  12  inches  high;  radical  leaves  long-petioled, 
broadly  rhomboidal,  or  deltoid,  or  deltoid-cordate,  ^  to  3  inches  broad,  obtuse;  the  cauline 
pair  usually  united  to  form  an  almost  orbicular  perfoliate  leaf,  concave  above;  the  lax 
raceme  of  small  pinkish  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  leaf-cup. 

Var.  parvifloia,  Torr.     Radical  leaves  linear,  or  linear-spatulate. 

Var.  spathulata,  Torr.  Radical  leaves  linear;  the  cauline  pair  distinct  or  partly 
united  on  one  side,  ovate  to  lanceolate.  Low  and  slender. 

Var.  exigua,  Torr.  Low,  radical  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform;  the  cauline 
distinct,  linear. 

2.  C.   Siberica,  L.     Stems  6  to  15  inches  high;  radical  leaves  lanceolate  to  rombic- 
ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  long-petioled;  the  cauline  pair  ovate  or  varying  from  lanceolate 
to  spatulate-obovate,  sessile,  distinct;  raceme  loose;  the  rose-colored  or  white  petals  2  to 
4  lines  long. 

3.     LEWISIA,  Pursh. 

Petals  8  to  16,  large  and  showy,  rose-colored.  Stamens  numerous  (40  or  more).  Styla 
3  to  8-parted  nearly  to  the  base.  Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials-,  with  fusiform  roots, 
and  short  1  -flowered  scapes. 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered,  linear-oblong,  subterete,  1  or  2 
inches  long,  smooth  and  glaucous;  scape  jointed  in  the  middle,  bearing  on  the  joint  5  to 
7  subulate  verticillate  bracts;  petals  sometimes  white,  8  to  16  lines  long. 


ORDER  12.     HYPERICACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  punctate  leaves,  no  stipules  and  perfect  flowers 
with  4  or  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  septicidal  many-seeded  capsule. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent  sepals.  Filaments  mostly  in  3  sets.  Styles  2  to  5,  usually 
distinct. 

1.    HTTPERICUM,    L.         ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  and  petals  5.  The  numerous  stamens  in  three  bundles.  Ovary  1  to  3-celled, 
the  ovules  growing  on  the  parietal  placentae.  Flowers  cymose,  yellow. 


MALVACE.E.       (MALLOW   FAMILY.)  31 

' 

1.  H.     Scouleri.     Hook.     Stems  erect  from  a  running  rootstock  ^  to  2  feet  high, 
terete,  simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  clasping,  an  inch  or  less 
long  ;  petals  punctate,  3  to  5  lines  long;  capsule  3-celled. 

2.  H.     concinmim,     Benth.     Stems  from  a  woody  base,  3  to  6  inches  high;  leaves 
from  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  an  inch  long  or  less,  not  clasping,  usually  folded. 

3.  H.     anagalloides,     Cham  &  Schleeht.     Stems  numerous,  weak,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints,  1  to  10  inches  long;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  2  to  C  inches  long, 
obtuse,  clasping;  sepals  exceeding  the  petals;  capsule  1-celled. 


ORDER  13.     MALVACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves;  distinguished  by  the  valvate  calyx, 
convolute  petals,  their  bases  or  short  claws  united  with  the  base  of  a  column  of  many 
united  stamens,  these  with  reniform  anthers.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  parted,  persistent,  with 
sometimes  a  calyx-like  involucel  of  bracts.  Petals  5,  usually  withering  without 
falling  off.  Pistil  usually  either  a  ring  of  ovaries  around  a  projecting  receptacle  or  a 
3-10-celled  ovary;  styles  united  at  least  at  the  base.  Leaves  usually  palmately  ribbed. 
Flowers  axillary.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

1.    LAVATERA,    L.         TREE  MALLOW. 

Involucel  3  to  6-cleft.  Stamineal  column  divided  into  numerous  filaments.  Styles 
filiform.  Fruit  depressed ;  the  several  carpels  separating  from  the  prominent  axis, 
1 -seeded. 

1.  L.  assurgentiflora,  Kellogg.  A  shrub  6  to  15  ft.  high;  flowers  1  to  4  in  the 
axils  on  drooping  pedicels;  petals  rose-purple,  1  to  H  inches  long,  with  a  broad  truncato 
limb  and  narrow  claws  having  a  pair  of  dense  hairy  tufts  at  the  base.  Commonly  culti- 
vated, but  a  native  (?)  of  this  State. 

2.     MALVA,     L.        MALLOW. 

Involucel  3-leaved.     Petals  obcordate,  small.     Herbaceous.     Otherwise  as  Lavatera. 

M.  borealis,  Wallman.  Annual;  leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  5-7-lobed;  peduncles 
Bhort;  petals  pinkish- white,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Distinguished  from  the  biennial  If.  rotundifolia  by  its  short  pedunceles,  small  flowers 
and  rugose  carpels. 

3.     SIDALCBA,     GR. 

Involucel  none.  Stamineal  column  double;  the  filaments  of  the  outer  series  usually 
united  into  5  sets,  opposite  the  petals.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike.  Herbs. 

*Perennial. 
1.     S.    malvaeflora,  Gr.     Perennial,  1  to  3  ft.  high;  leaves  on  elongated  petioles, 


32  LINAGES.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

orbicular  to  semi-circular  in  outline;  the  lower  toothed  or  cleft,  the  upper  more  narrowly 
and  deeply,  5  to  9-lobed  or  parted;  the  segments  sparingly  toothed,  often  linear  and 
entire;  flowers  in  naked  elongated  racemes;  bractlets  small,  lanceolate;  pedicels  short, 
naked;  calyx  often  tomentose;  petals  emarginate,  6  to  12  lines  long,  purple;  carpels 
smooth. 

2.  S.     humilis,  Gr.     Much  resembling  the  last,  but  lower,  and  often  decumbent  at 
the  base;  leaves  smaller;   flowers  fewer  and  more  scattered;  calyx  larger,  3  to  G  lines 
long;  carpels  reticulated  and  pubescent. 

*  *  Annual. 

3.  S.    diploscypha,    Gr.     Pubescent  wtth  long  spreading  hairs,    1  to  2  ft.  high; 
leaves  deeply  5-9-cleft  with  lobed  segments;  bractlets  conspicuous,  5  to  7-parted,  hispid; 
flowers  nearly  sessile  in  close  3  to  5-flowered  clusters;  petals  6  to  12  lines  long,  broad  and 
emarginate. 

4.  S.   malacliroides,  Gr.    Stout,  hirsute,  3  to  6  ft.  high,  tufted;  leaves  large;  flowers 
small,  white  or  purplish,  nearly  sessile  in  close  terminal  heads  on  the  short  leafy  branches; 
petals  narrowly  obcordate;  sets  of  stamens  indistinct. 

ORDER  14.     LINAGE  M. 

A  small  order  represented  and  characterized  by  the  one  genus 

1.     LINUM,  L.        FLAX. 

Parts  of  the  flower  5,  except  sometimes  in  the  pistil.  Filaments  united  at  the  base 
with  commonly  alternating  teeth.  Styles  5,  or  sometimes  only  2  or  3,  distinct  or  united. 
Stigmas  capitate  or  oblong;  ovary  globose.  Seeds  twice  as  many  as  the  styles.  Herbs 
with  sessile  entire  leaves  without  stipules,  and  cymose  or  panicled  flowers. 

§  1.     Styles  5.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  L.  perenne,  L.     Smooth,  1  to  2J  ft.  high,  branching  above,  leafy;  leaves  linear 
to  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  18  lines  long,  acute;  stipular  glands  none;  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  scattered,  large. 

§  2.     Styles  3;  petals  appendarjed  at  base,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  and  a  third  adnate 
to  the  inner  face  of  the  claw. 

*  Flowers  yellow;  pedicels  short. 

2.  L.     Breweri,  Gr.     Smooth,  slender,  3  to  8  inches  high  or  more,  few  flowered  at 
the  summit;  leaves  linear-setaceous,  6  to  8  lines  long;  stipular  glands  conspicuous;  petals 

3  or  more  lines  long. 

*  *  Flowers  rose-purple  to  white. 

3.  L.    congestum,    Gr.     Nearly  smooth,  excepting  the  calyx,  about  a  foot  high; 


GERANIACE.3E.       (GEEAXIUM   FAMILY.)  33 

etipular  glands  very  small;  flowers  in  close  terminal  clusters;  petals  about  3  lines  long; 
capsule  globose. 

4.  L,     Californicum,  Gr.     Smooth,  glaucous,  G  to  18  inches  high;  stipular  glands 
conspicuous;  flowers  in  small  cymes  or  the  lower  solitary;  petals  4  lines  long,  capsule 
acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

5.  S.     spergulinum,  Gr.     Smooth,  6  to  15  inches  high;   leaves  without  stipular 
glands;  pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long,  and  mostly  solitary;  sepals  slightly  glandular,  minute; 
capsule  obtuse,  exceeding  the  calyx  slightly. 


OEDEK  15.     GERANIACEJE. 

Flowers  perfect  on  axillary  peduncles,  regular  (in  our  species)  and  symmetrical,  the 
parts  in  fives.  Stamens  mostly  in  two  sets,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes 
sterile.  Ovary  deeply  5-lobed,  with  a  prolonged  axis,  or  5-celled. 

§  1.     Carpels  5,  one-seeded,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  long  central  axis;  the  styles 

forming  long  twisted  tails. 

Fertile  stamens  10;  tails  of  the  carpels  not  bearded Geranium.     1 

Fertile  stamens  5;  tails  of  the  carpels  bearded Erodium.     2 

§  2.     Carpels  5,  one-seeded,  fleshy,  distinct Limnanthes.     3 

§  3.     Carpels  combined  into  a  5-celled  ovary. Oxalis.     4 

1.     GERANIUM,  L.        CRANESBILL. 

Stamens  10  with  anthers,  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  each  of  the  shorter  5;  filaments 
bearded  at  the  base.  Ovary  5-lobed;  style  5-lobed  at  the  top;  the  roundish-oblong  carpels 
splitting  away  from  the  persistent  beaked  axis.  Leaves  palmately  lobed  and  mostly 
opposite,  scarious  stipules;  swollen- jointed  stems. 

1.  G,  Carolinianum,  L.  Diffusely  branched,  pubescent;  leaves  1  to  2J  inches  in 
diameter,  palmately  5-7-parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into  linear  lobes;  petals  rose-colored 
equaling  the  awned  sepals,  2  or  3  lines  long;  carpels  hairy;  tails  half  an  inch  long. 

G.  incisum,  Nutt. ,  with  large  purple  flowers,  grows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in 
Humboldt  County. 

2.    ERODIUM,   L'Her. 

Characters  as  in  the  last;  but  the  filaments  dilated,  the  5  opposite  to  the  petals  sterile 
and  scale-like;  carpels  attenuate  to  a  sharp  bearded  base;  the  tails  long  bearded  on  the 
inner  side.  Leaves  commonly  pinnate  and  bipinnately  parted  or  lobed;  peduncles 
umbellately  2-several-flowered  with  a  4-bracted  involucre  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels; 
flowers  small. 

1.     E.  cicutarium,  L'Her.     (FILARIA   OR   PIN-CLOVER.  )      Hairy,   much  branched, 


34:  RUTACE^.        (ORANGE   FAMILY.) 

decumbent;  leaves  pinnate  the  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatifid  with  narrow  acute  lobes, 
the  opposite  leaves  unequal;  the  long  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  smaller  leaves  bearing 
4  to  8-flowered  umbels;  the  slender  pedicels  at  length  reflexed,  the  fruit  still  erect;  the 
bearded  carpels  with  spirally  twisted  tails. 

2.  E.  moschatum,  L'Her.     (MusKY  FILARIA.)     Similar  to  the  last  but  of  a  lighter 
green  and  the  leaflets  unequally  and  doubly  serrate,  not  pinnatifid.     Gives  out  a  musky 
odor  when  wilted. 

3.  E.    macrophyllum,    Hook.   &  Arn.      Leaves    renifonn-cordate,    1   to  3  inches 
broad;  sepals  broad,  5  to  6  lines  long. 

3.    LIMNANTHES,  E.  Br. 

Glands  5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Stamens  10.  Style  5-cleft  at  the  apex.  An- 
nual low  diffuse  herbs,  with  pungent  juice,  growing  in  wet  places;  leaves  pinnate, 
without  stipules;  flowers  yellowish-white  or  rose-colored,  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  R.  Br.  Glabrous,  yellowish  green,  weak  and  succulent  stems; 
leaflets  incisely  lobed;  peduncles  at  length  2  to  4  inches  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  3  to  4 
lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  or  obovate,  emarginate  or  truncate  petals. 

Var    alba,  Hartweg.     Villous  sepals;  shorter,  white  petals. 

4.     OXALIS,  L. 

The  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives.  Stamens  10;  the  filaments  dilated  and  united  below. 
Capsule  columnar  or  ovoid,  beaked  with  the  short  style.  Low  herbs  with  sour  watery 
juice;  leaves  alternate  or  radical,  digitately  trifoliolate,  leaflets  obcordate. 

1.  O.     Oregana,  Nutt.     (RED WOOD  SORREL.  )    Acaulescent,  rusty- villous;  rootstock 
creeping;  leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  1  to  1 J  inches  broad;  petioles  2  to  8  inches  long; 
scapes  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  mostly  1-flowered;  petals  6  to  12  lines  long,  white 
or  rose-colored,  often  veined  with  purple. 

2.  O.  corniculata,  L.     (YELLOW  SORREL.)    Distinguished  by  its  slender  branching 
stems,  and  smaller  yellow  flowers. 


ORDER  16.     RUTACE^J. 

Pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic  leaves,  along  with  definite  hypogynous  stamens 
and  definite  seeds  characterize  this  order,  although  some  of  the  orange-tribe  have  many 
stamens. 

1.    PTELEA,    L.        HOP-TREE. 
Flowera  polygamous.      Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  4  or  5;  ovary  with  a  short,  thick 


EHAMNACEiE.   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)  35 

etipe,  2-celled;  style  short;  fruit  a  broadly  winged  orbicular  samara,  2-seeded.    Flowers 
email,  greenish-white,  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 

1.  P.  angustifolia,  Benth.  A  shrub  5  to  25  ft.  high,  with  chestnut  colored  punc- 
tate bark;  leaves  3-foliolate. 

ORDER  17.     CELASTRACE^]. 

Sufficiently  characterized  by  the  genus 

1.     EUONYMT7S,   Tourn. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  widely  spreading;  Stamens  as  many  very  short  on  an  angled 
disk;  ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3-5-valved,  colored,  often  warty.  Fruit  a  red  aril. 
Shrubs,  with  4-angled  branches,  opposite  petioled  exstipulate  serrate  smooth  leaves,  and 
flowers  in  loose  cymes  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  E.  occidentalis,  Nutt.  7  to  15  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrulate,  2  to  4  inches  long;  peduncles  1-4-flowered;  flowers  dark  reddish- 
brown,  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  the  parts  in  fives. 


ORDER  18.     RHAMNACEJE. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often  caducous  stipules, 
and  small  regular  flowers,  the  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes; 
ovary  2  to  4-celled.  Flowers  often  apetalous;  a  conspicuous  disk  adnate  to  the  short  tube 
of  the  calyx;  petals  often  clawed;  style  or  stigma  2-4-lobed;  fruit  berry-like  or  dry,  con- 
taining 2  to  4  seed-like  nutlets. 

Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary;  filaments  short;  fruit  berry -like Rhamnus.     1 

Calyx  and  disk  adherent  to  the  ovary;  filaments  long;  fruit  dry Ceanothus.     2 

1.    RHAMNUS,     L. 

Small  greenish  flowers;  calyx  4-5-cleft,  with  erect  or  spreading  lobes,  the  campanulate 
tube  persistent;  petals  4  or  5  or  none,  on  the  margin  of  the  disk;  claws  short;  stamens  4 
or  5;  leaves  evergreen. 

§  1.     Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

1.  R.    crocea,    Nutt.     Much  branched,  3  to  15  ft.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,  oblong 
or  obovate  to  obicular,  3  to  18  lines  long,  acutely  denticulate,  usually  yellowish  brown  or 
copier-colored  beneath;  fruit  red. 

§  2.     Flowers  mostly  perfect  in  pedunculate  cymes. 

2.  R.     Californica,  Esch.     Spreading  4  to  18  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  ellip- 


36  KHAMNACE2E.        (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.) 

tical,  1  to  4  inches  long,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire;  petals  very  small,  broadly  ovate, 
emarginate;  fruit  blackish-purple. 

2.     CSANOTHUS,     L. 

Cal}Tx  5-cleft;  the  lobes  acute;  disk  thick  adhering  to  the  tube  and  to  the  ovary;  petals 
on  long  claws,  hooded;  stamens  5;  filaments  long-exserted;  ovary  3-lobed;  style  short, 
3- cleft.  The  small  flowers  are  in  showy  thyrsoid  orcymose  clusters.  Species  difficult. 

§  1.     Leaves  3-nerved. 

1.  C.   thyrsiflonis,  Esch.     (CALIFORNIA  LILAC. )     Smooth,  G  to  15  ft.  high;  branches 
strongly  angled;  leaves  rather  thick,  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  usually 
smooth  and  shining  above,  canescent  beneath;   flowers  bright  blue  in  dense  compound 
racemes,  terminating  the  long  and  somewhat  leafy  peduncles. 

2.  C.    integerrimus,  Hook  &  Arn.     Slender,  2  or  3  ft.  high;  branches  round,  usually 
warty;  leaves  thin,  bright  green,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long;  thyrse  large, 
white-flowered. 

3.  C.     dentatus,    Torr  &  Gr.      Low,    not  rigid;    leaves  small  glandular-serrate, 
fascicled,  the  margin  strongly  undulate  or  re  volute,  somewhat  resinous;  flowers  blue,  in 
small  roundish  clusters. 

4.  C.     sorediatus,  Hook  &  Arn.     Rigid;  inflorescence  pubescent;  leaves  silky  orj 
the  nerves,  \  to  \\  inches  long;  flowers  blue  in  shortly  peduncled  simple  racemes  £  to  2 
inches  long. 

5.  C.     divaricatus,    !Nutt.     Grayish,  usually  spinose;  leaves  small,  not  tomentosa 
beneath;  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in  nearly  simple  often  elongated  racemes,  1  to  4 
inches  long;  fruit  resinous. 

G.  C.  incarms,  Torr  &  Gr.  Spinose;  leaves  hoary  beneath  with  a  very  minuta 
tomentum,  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base;  flowers  in  short  racemes,  white;  fruit  resinously 
warty.  A  straggling  shrub  along  creeks. 

§  2.     Leaves  pinnately  veined. 

7.  C.     papillosus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     More  or  less  hispidly  villous  or  tomentosc,  4  to  6 
ft.  high;  leaves  glandular-serrulate,  and  the  upper  surface  glandular-papillose,  narrowly 
oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long  on  slender  petioles;  flowers  blue,  in  close  clusters  or  short 
racemes,  terminating  slender  naked  peduncles;  fruit  not  resinous. 

§  3.  Leaves  small,  often  opposite,  very  thick,  with  numerous  straight  lateral  veins;  stipule* 
mostly  large  and  warty;  flowers  in  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled  axillary  clusters;  fruit 
larger,  ivith  3  horn-like  or  warty  prominences  below  the  summit. 

8.  C.     crassifolius,  Torr.     Erect  4  to  12  ft.  high,  the  young  branches  white  with  a 
villous  tomentum;  leaves  somewhat  spinosely-toothed  or  rarely  entire  and  revolutely 
margined;  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in.  dense  clusters. 


SAPINDACEJE.        (BUCKEYE   FAMILY.)  37 

9.  C.     cuneatus,  Nutt.     Similar  to  the  last,  but  less  tomentose;  leaves  cuneate- 
obovate  or  oblong,  retuse  above,  on  slender  petioles;  flowers  in  looser  clusters. 

10.  C.     rigidus,   Nutt.     Erect,  5  ft.  high,  the  branchlets  tomentose;  leaves  2  to  5 
lines  long,  cuneate-oblong  or  broadly  obovate,  few  toothed  above,  very  shortly  petioled; 
flowers  bright  blue. 

ORDER  VITACE-SJ  has  but  one  representative;  the  well-known  California  wild  grape, 
Vitis  Calif ornica,  Benth.,  which  is  common  on  the  woody  banks  of  streams. 


OKDER  19.     SAPINDACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  with  unsymmetrical  or  irregular 
flowers;  the  order  best  characterized  under  its  suborders. 
Under  the  order  proper  belongs 

1.     .23SCULUS,     L.         BUCKEYE. 

Leaves  opposite,  palmately  4-7-foliolate.  Calyx  tubular,  unequally  5-toothed.  Petals 
4  or  5,  unequal,  with  claws.  Stamens  5  to  7,  exserted  and  often  unequal.  Ovary 
3-celled;  style  long.  Fruit  a  large  leathery  3-valved  pod. 

1.  2B.  Californica,  Nutt.  Leaflets,  usually  5,  smooth,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
obtuse  at  base,  slenderly  petiolulate,  serrulate,  3  to  5  inches  long;  flowers  in  a  close 
finely  pubescent  thyrse  which  is  6  to  12  inches  long;  calyx  2-lobed,  the  lobes  scarcely 
toothed;  petals  white  or  pale  rose,  half  an  inch  long  or  more;  stamens  5  to  7;  anthers 
orange  colored.  Fruit  pear-shaped,  1J  to  2  inches  long,  containing,  usually,  one  seed. 

SUB-ORDER.     ACERINE-SJ. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  regular,  often  apetalous.  Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled, 
each  1 -seeded  cell  producing  a  wing.  Leaves  opposite  without  stipules. 

2.     ACER,  Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed.  Calyx  colored.  Petals,  usually  5.  Stamens  3  to  12  inserted 
with  the  petals  on  a  lobed  disk.  Styles  2.  Fruit  divaricately  2-winged. 

1.  A.    macrophyllum,    Pursh.     (LARGE-LEAFED  MAPLE.)    A  tree  2  or  3  feet  in 
diameter;  leaves  6  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  deeply  3-5-cleft;  flowers  fragrant,  yellow, 
in  crowded  pendulous  racemes;  fruit  densely  hairy;  the  smooth  wings  1^  inches  long. 

2.  A.   circinatum,  Pursh.     (VINE-MAPLE.)    A  shrub  or  small  tree;  leaves  3  to  5 
inches  broad,  7-9-lobed,  lobes  sharply  serrate;  flowers  in  corymbs  loosely  10-20-flowered, 
on  slender  2-leaved  branchlets;  sepals  red  or  purple,  exceeding  the  greenish  petals;  fruit 
smooth. 


38 


LEGUMINOS^:.     (PEA  FAMILY.) 


3.     NEGUNDO,  Mcench.         BOX-ELDER. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minute.  Petals  and  disk  none.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary 
and  fruit  as  in  Acer.  Trees;  leaves  pinnate;  sterile  flowers  on  clustered  capillary  pedi- 
cels, the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes. 

1.  N.  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Usually  a  small  tree;  leaves  3-foliolate,  villous; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  3  or  4  inches  long,  the  terminal  largest  and  3-5-lobed  or 
coarsely  serrate,  -the  lateral  ones  coarsely  serrate;  fruit  pubescent;  wings  slightly 
spreading. 

In  the  figure  a  represents  the  fruit  of  Acer  ma- 
ll crophyllum,  b  the  wider  spreading  samara  of  Acer 
circinatum,  and  c  the    closer   wings  of   Neyundo 
Californicum.      The  first   has  hairy  carpels;  the 
second  is  smooth,  and  the  last  slightly  hairy. 

ORDER  ANACARDIACE-Sl  is  represented 
by  the  well-known  Poison  Oak  or  fihus  dive.rsiloba, 
a  slender,  sometimes  climbing,  shrub,  resembling 
the  eastern  lihus  toxicodendron,  which  is  also  often 
called  Poison  Oak,  but  is  more  commonly  known 
as  Poison  Ivy.  The  eastern  Sumac  belongs  to  the 
same  genus.  There  are  three  other  species  of 
Rlius  in  the  State.  The  Pepper  tree  (Schinus 
molle),  so  commonly  cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
shade  tree,  belongs  to  this  order. 


ORDER  20.     LEGUMINOSJE. 

The  single  and  simple  free  pistil  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit,  the  alternate  leaves  with 
stipules,  and  in  our  genera,  the  papillionaceous  corolla  with  10  stamens,  mark  this  order, 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Flowers  irregular.  Calyx  3-5-cleft  or  toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  the 
tipper  larger  and  always  external,  covering  the  lateral  pair  in  the  bud,  and  these  cover- 
ing the  lower  pair,  which  are  more  or  less  united,  forming  a  keel  which  encloses  the 
stamens  and  pistil.  Filaments  10,  rarely  5,  commonly  united  around  the  pistil,  either 
all  united  or  nine  and  the  upper  one  free.  Ovary  forming  a  pod  with  a  single  row  of 
seeds  attached  to  one  side;  style  usually  inflexed  or  curved.  In  Cercts  the  upper  petal  is 
small  and  enclosed  by  the  wings.  In  AmorpJia,  there  is  but  one  petal. 

Suborder  Ccesalpmeae  is  marked  by  the  upper  petal  enclosed,  and  distinct  stamens. 

Suborder  Mimoseae  has  regular  flowers  and  usually  many  conspicuous  stamens. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PEA    FAMILY.) 


38a 


Fig.  A.  On  the  left  is  Ilosaclda.  sub' 
pinnata,  showing  a  full  grown  pod 
and  a  flower  as  seen  from  above.  Oa 
the  right  is  a  pod  and  flowers  of 
Hosackia  Purshiana.  At  a  is  a  single 
flower  with  its  bract  as  seen  from  the 
front.  The  lower  leaves  and  bracts 
are  larger. 

Fig.  B.     A  head  of   Trifolium  fuca- 

A  turn,  with  all  but  three  of  the  flowers 

removed,  showing  the  common  receptacle  and  the  involucre. 

Fig.  C.  An  axillary  spike  of  Astragalus  didymocarpus,  with  ripe  fruit.  Below  is 
one  of  the  pods  magnified. 

This  order  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  useful  and  beautiful  plants 
which  belong  to  it.  Pease,  beans,  lentils,  peanuts,  clover,  alfalfa,  etc., 
furnish  food  for  man  and  domestic  animals.  Tropical  plants  of  this 
order  supply,  among  others,  the  following  articles  of  commerce:  Gum 
arabic,  gum  Senegal,  gum  copal,  dragon's-blood,  indigo,  logwood,  brazil- 
wood, rosewood,  tamarind.  Many  species  have  medical  value,  as  senna, 
catchu,  copaiba,  etc. 

There  are  over  6,000  species  of  leguminous  plants,  mostly  tropical. 
About  350  species  are  natives  of  the  United  States,  more  than  half  of 
which  are  found  in  California.  Only  4  or  5  species  are  common  to  this 
coast  and  the  Atlantic  States,  and  these  have  forms  peculiar  to  each, 
coast.  Our  180  species  are  grouped  under  14  genera,  while  the  150  species 
of  the  East  (i.  e.,  the  Mississippi  States  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic), 
represent  50  genera.  There  are  about  40  species  of  lupine,  and  the  same 
number  belonging  to  the  genus  Astragalus,  growing  within  the  limits  of 
this  State.  Only  two  kinds  of  the  former  and  4  of  the  latter  grow  east 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  latter  is  the  largest  American  genus  of  the 


38b  LEGUMINOS^.     (PEA  FAMILY.) 

Fig.  A.  At  a  is  seen  a  single  flower  of  Lupinus  Dou~ 
glasii;  b,  the  same  with  the  upper  and  Bide  petals  re- 
moved, showing  the  united  pair  of  long-clawed,  lower 
petals  and  the  base  of  the  stamineal  tube. 

Fig.  B.  a.  The  same  flower  with  all  the  petals  re- 
moved,  showing  the  united  stamens,  5  of  which  have 
shed  the  pollen  and  crinkled  down.  6.  The  btameus  as 
they  appear  in  abud.  The  shorter  stamens  of  the  bud 
become  the  longer  stamens  of  the  flower,  c.  Anther  of 
a  long  stamen  in  a  magnified,  d.  Anther  of  a  long 
stamen  in  &  (short  in  a)  magnified. 

order,  the  species  within  the  United  States  numbering  about  150,  nearly  all  of  which 
belong  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  We  have  about  25  kinds  of  clover;  only  3  or  4 
species  are  natives  of  the  East.  Hosackia,  numbering  28  species  in  our  whole  country, 
25  of  which  grow  here,  is  not  represented  in  the  East  at  all.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
large  genus  Desmodium,  numbering  in  the  East  19  species,  has  no  representative  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Pickeringia  is  probably  not  found  beyond  the  boundary  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  great  Australian  genus  Acacia,  numbering  there  nearly  300  species,  is 
represented  in  Southern  California  by  a  small  tree  (A.  Gregtjii),  and  in  the  East  by  an 
herb.  Possibly  30  species  are  cultivated  for  shade  trees.  Honey  Mesquit,  or  Algaroba 
(Prosopis  julijlora]  and  Screw-pod  Mesquit,  or  Tornilla  (P.  pubescens),  are  small  trees  of 
Southern  California.  Prosopis  and  Acacia  belong  to  the  Suborder  Mimoseas.  All  the 
plants  here  described  (except  Cercis)  belong  to  the  Suborder  Papilionacea3,  which  is  dis- 
tinguished by  flowers,  like  those  of  the  pea,  as  before  described. 

Cercis,  which,  by  mistake,  is  not  described  in  the  proper  place,  belongs  to  the  Sub- 
order Caesalpineee,  in  which  the  side  petals  enclose  the  upper  one  and  the  stamens  are  free. 

§  1.     Stamens  distinct. 

Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate.     Herbs;  yellow  flowers Thermopsis.     1 

Shrub;  purple  flowers Fickerinsia.     2 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  shrubby;  1  petal Amorpha.     9 

§  2.     Stamens  all  united  into  a  sheath. 

Anthers  of  two  forms;  leaves  digitate,  more  than  three  leaflets Lupimis.     3 

Anthers  all  alike;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate Psoralea.    8 

§  3.     Stamens  diadelphous  (2  sets,  9  and  1). 
*  Leaves  3-foliolate;  pods  small. 

Flowers  capitate.     Corolla  persistent Trifolium.  4 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes.     Pod  globular,  wrinkled Melilotus.  5 

Flowers  in  axillary  spikes.     Pod  one-seeded Psoralea.  8 

Pod  spirally  coiled  or  reniform Medicago.  6 


(PEA  FAMILY.)  39 

*  *  Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets  entire;  no  tendril. 

Flowers  umbellate  or  solitary,  axillary Hosackia.     7 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish.     Pod  short,  prickly Glycyrrhiza.     10 

Pods  mostly  inflated  or  nearly  2-celled Astragalus.     11 

*  *  *  Leaves  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  or  an  imperfect  leaflet. 

Style  filiform,  hairy  around  the  apex Vicia.     12 

Style  flattened  dorsally  toward  the  apex,  hairy  on  the  inner  side,  usually 

twisted  half  round Lathyrus.     13 

1.  THERMOPSIS,  R.  Br. 

Calyx  companulate,  cleft  to  the  middle.  Standard  roundish,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
wings,  the  sides  reflexed;  keel  nearly  straight,  its  petals  somewhat  united,  equalling  the 
wings.  Perennial  herbs  with  the  aspect  of  Lupine;  leaflets  entire;  stipules  foliaceous; 
flowers  large  in  long  terminal  racemes,  with  persistent  bracts. 

1.  T.  Califoruica,  Wat.  Woolly -tomentose;  stipules  lanceolate;  leaflets  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long;  bracts  ovate;  pod  hairy. 

2.  PICKERINGIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  campanulate,  turbinate  at  the  base,  repandly  4-toothed.  Petals  equal;  standard 
orbicular,  the  sides  reflexed;  wings  oblong;  keel  petals  oblong,  distinct,  straight,  obtuse. 
A  low  stout  much  branched  spinose  shrub;  leaves  evergreen,  small,  nearly  sessile, 
1-3-foliolate,  without  stipules;  flowers  large,  solitary,  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

1.  P.  montana,  Nutt.  Spreading,  densely  branched,  4  to  7ft.  high,  silky-tomentose 
or  smooth;  leaflets  3  to  9  lines  long;  flowers  from  light  cinnamon-red  to  purple,  7  to  9 
lines  long;  stamens  persistent. 

3.     LTJFINUS,  L.        LUPINE. 

Calyx  deeply  bilabiate,  bibracteolate.  Standard  broad,  the  sides  reflexed;  wings  united 
at  the  ends,  enclosing  the  incurved  beaked  keel.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles;  leaflets 
entire.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  verticillate  or  scattered,  bracteate. 

A  large  and  difficult  genus. 

*  Annuals. 

Ovules  2;  bracts  persistent;  flowers  in  whorls;  leaves  long  petioled,  approximate;  stout. 

Long-villous;  flowers  mostly  purple L.  microcarpus.     15 

Smoother;  flowers  yellow  to  white L.  densiflorus.     16 

Ovules  several;  bracts  deciduous;  flowers  in  whorls;  petioles  1  to  3  times  the  length  of 
the  leaflets. 
Puberulent;  leaflets  broad,  smoother  above;  bracts  short L.  aGnis.     8 


40  LEGtrMiNos^:.     (PEA  FAMILY.) 

Villous;  leaflets  narrow,  both  sides  pubescent. 

Bracts  elongated;  flowers  rather  large L.  nanus.     9 

Bracts  short;  flowers  small,  narrow L.  micranthus.     10 

Ovules  several;  bracts  somewhat  persistent;  flowera  scattered;  petioles  1  to  4  times 
the  length  of  the  leaflets. 

Slender;  leaflets  smooth  above;  bracts  long. L.  leptophyllus.     11 

Slender;  leaflets  linear;  bracts  short L.  sparsiflorus.     12 

Stout;  leaflets  truncate;  bracts  short L.  truncatus.     13 

Stouter;  leaflets  broad;  bracts  short;  very  hispid L.  hirsutissimus.     14 

*  *  Perennials;  herbaceous,  tall;  flowers  large;  ovules  8  to  12. 

Stout;  long  petioles;  leaflets  10  to  16,  very  large L.  polyphyllus.  4 

Stout;  short  petioles;  leaflets  7  to  10,  large L.  rivularis.  5 

Slender,  decumbent;  short  petioles;  leaflets  small L.  littoralJs.  6 

Stoutish,  erect;  short  petioles;  keel  narrow,  falcate L.  albicaulis.  7 

*  Perennials;  shrubby,  leafy,  silky -pubescent. 

Leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate;  flowers  yellow L.  arborens.     1 

Densely  silky -pubescent;  flowers  blue  to  white L.  Chamissoiiis.     2 

Pubescence  short,  tomentose;  shrubby  at  the  base L.     Douglasii.     3 

1.  L.  arboreus,  Sims.     Often  4  to  8  ft.  high;  sulphur-yellow,  fragrant  flowers,  ver- 
ticillate  in  a  loose  raceme;  pods  large,  pubescent,  10-12-seeded. 

2.  L.     Chaniissonis.  Esch.     Less  shrubby,  1  to  4  ft.  high;  leaflets  7  to  9,  cuneate 
obovate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  very  silky  on  both  sides;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  flowers  sub-verticillate,  blue,  violet,   rarely  white.     A  variety  about   San 
Francisco  with  long  bracts. 

3.  L.     Douglasii,  Agardh.     Slightly  woody  at  base;  pubescence  short,  tomentose  or 
silky;  leaflets  7  to  9,  oblanceolate  to  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  pubescent  on 
both  sides;  bracts  linear-setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx;  flowers,  blue  or  purple;  calyx 
with  long  setaceous  bractlets. 

4.  L.     polyphyllus,    Lindl.      Stout,  erect,  2  to  5  ft.  high,  sparingly  villous;  stipules 
large,  triangular  to  subulate;  leaves  distant,  long  petioled;  leaflets  2  to  6  inches  long; 
racemes  a  foot  or  two  long;  flowers  mostly  scattered  on  long  pedicels,  blue,  purple  or 
white;  bracts  oblanceolate,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx;  keel  naked. 

5.  L.     rivularis,  Dougl.     Stout,  erect,  2  to  C.  ft.  high,  nearly  smooth;  stipules  subu- 
late or  setaceous;  leaflets  7  to  10,  about  equaling  the  petioles,  ^  to  5  inches  long;  raceme 
often  1  tc  2  ft.  long;  bracts    setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx;  flowers  purple  or  rarely 
white;  keel  slightly  ciliate. 

6.  L.     littoralis,  Dougl.     Stems  slender  decumbent  or  ascending,  1  or  2  ft.  long; 
leaflets  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles;  flowers  blue  or  violet, 
with  some  yellow,  in  short  racemes;  keel  ciliate;  calyx  large,  with  small  bractlets. 


LE&UMINOSJE.       (PEA   FAMILY.)  41 

7.  albicaulis,  Dougl.     Distinguished  by  its  flowers;  which  are  light-blue  to  white, 
the  standard  strongly  reflexed,  the  margins  cohering  near  the  apex,  naked,  acute;  the 
narrow  keel  very  strongly  falcate. 

8.  L.     affinis,  Agardh.     Stem  a  foot  high;  leaflets  broadly  wedge-obovate,  emargin- 
ate  or  obtuse,  an  inch  long  or  more;  the  petioles  twice  longer;  petals  5  lines  long;  the 
keel  usually  naked;  bracts  short. 

9.  L.     nanus,  Dougl.     Slender  stem  6  inches  to  a  foot  high,  villous,  often  branching 
from  the  base;  leaflets  linear  to  oblanceolate,  half  to  an  inch  long,  the  petioles  1  to  3 
times  longer;  bracts  exceeding  the  calyx;  petals  very  broad,  5  to  6  lines  long,  bluish- 
purple,  or  at  first  nearly  white;  the  standard  shorter  and  usually  marked  with  purple 
lines. 

10.  L.    micrantlius,  Dougl.     Similar  to  the  last,  but  the  flowers  smaller,  in  usually 
shorter  more  dense  racemes;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  petals  2  to  3  lines  long, 
narrow. 

Var.     microphyllus,  Wat.     The  lower  and  more  hirsute  form,  with  leaflets  but  3  to 
G  lines  long. 

Var.     bicolor,  "Wat.     Flowers  larger,  more  like  L.  Nanus. 

Var.     trifidus,  Wat.     Very  hairy;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  3-parted. 

11.  L.  leptophyllus,   Benth.     Barely  branched,  1   or  2  ft.    high,  villous;  leaflets 
narrowly  linear  on  slender  petioles;  smooth  above;  bracts  setaceous,  much  exceeding  tho 
calyx;  petals  5  or  6  lines  long,  bluish-lilac,  with  a  deep  crimson  spot  upon  the  standard. 

12.  L.     sparsiflorus,  Benth.     Very  slender,  sparingly  branched,  1  to  1£  ft.  high,  vil- 
lous, with  spreading  hairs;  upper  leaves  very  small;  leaflets  5  to  9,  linear,  £  to  1  inch 
long;  petals  violet,  5  lines  long,  the  standard  shorter;  pod  half  an  inch  long. 

13.  L.     truncatus,  Nutt.     Stout,  branched,  1  to  2ft.  high;  leaflets  linear,  narrowed 
from  the  truncate  or  somewhat  3-toothed  apex  to  the  base,  smooth  above,  f  to  1^  inches 
long,  nearly  equaling  the  petiole;  petals  deep-purple,  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  standard 
shorter;  pod  about  an  inch  long. 

Here  belongs  L.  STIVEBI,  Kellogg.    A  beautiful  species  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  with  yellow  standard 
and  rose- colored  wings. 

14.  L.    hirsutissimus,  Benth.     A  foot  high  or  more,  very  hispid,  with  spreading 
straight  and  viscid  stinging  hairs;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse, 
rarely  acute,  mucronulate;  flowers  in  loose  racemes,  reddish-purple,  large. 

15.  L.    microcarpus,  Sims.     Villous,  with  long  ffairs,  6  to  18  inches  high;  leaves 
approximate  on  long  petioles;  leaflets  usually  9,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
smooth  above,  1  to  2  inches  long;  calyx  densely  villous,  large;  petals  purple  to  white, 
C  or  7  lines  long;  the  hairy  1-2-seeded  pods  8  lines  long. 

16.  L.    densiflorus,    Benth.     Much  resembling  the  last;   calyx  smooth  or  finely 
pubescent;  petals  yellow  or  ochroleucous,  rarely  white  or  pink. 

L.  luteolus,  Kellogg,  may  be  found,  distinguished  by  its  more  slender  habit,  smaller 
and  fewer  leaflets,  and  bracts  exceeding  the  calyx. 


42  LEGUMINOSJ2.      (PEA  FAMILY.) 

4.     TRIFOLIUM,  L.        CLOVER. 

Calyx  5  cleft  with  nearly  equal  teeth,  persistent.  Corolla  withering,  persistent;  winga 
narrow,  keel  short  obtuse.  Stamens  usually  diadelphous.  Style  filiform.  Pod  small 
and  usually  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  membranaceous,  indehiscent  or  dehiscent  at  the  ventral 
suture,  1  to  6-seeded.  Herbs  with  leaves  palmately  3  or  rarely  5-7-foliolate;  stipules 
adnato  to  the  petiole;  flowers  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes  or  umbels,  rarely  few  or  solitary; 
peduncles  axillary  or  only  apparently  terminal. 

All  our  species  annual. 

§  1.     Heads  not  involucrate;  ovules  2. 

*  Heads  apparently  terminal;  floiuers  sessile,  not  reflexed;  calyx  teeth  plumose,  filiform. 

1.  T.     Macraei,  Hook.  &  Arn.      Somewhat  villous,  erect,  6  to  12  inches  high;  sti- 
pules ovate  to  lanceolate;  leaflets  obovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate, 
about  half  an  inch  long;  flowers  dark  purple,  3  lines  long,  in  dense  ovate  long  peduncied 
heads;  calyx  very  villous;  the  straight  teeth  as  long  as  the  petals,  often  tinged   A'ith 
purple;  pod  1 -seeded. 

Var.  dichotomum,  Brew.  A  taller  and  stouter  form,  with  larger  flowers  in  heads 
nearly  an  inch  long;  corolla  more  conspicuous,  tipped  with  white. 

*  *  Heads  axillary,  small;  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  at  length  re/lexed;  calyx  teeth  subu- 

late; mostly  smooth. 

2.  T.  ciliatum,  Nutt.     Erect,"  often  1  to  2  ft.  high;    leaflets  similar  to  the  last; 
corolla  white  or  purplish,  little  exserted,   3  lines  long;   calyx  tube  campanulate;  the 
lanceolate  teeth  very  acute,  rigid,  the  scarious  margin  rigidly  ciliate. 

3.  T.  gracilentum,  Torr.  £  Gr.     Erect,  slender,  a  foot  high  or  less;  stipules  lanceo- 
late; leaflets  cuneate  oblong  to  ovate  or  obcordate,   retuse,  about  half  an  inch  long, 
serrulate;  flowers  pale  rose-color  or  purplish  on  pedicels  a  line  long  or  less;  calyx  cam- 
panulate, the  subulate  teeth  nearly  equaling  the  corolla. 

4.  bifidum,  Gr.     Exactly  like  the  last,  but  the  leaflets  narrow,  the  sides  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire,  and  all  deeply  notched  or  cleft  at  the  apex. 

§  2.     Heads  subtended  by  an  involucre;  peduncles  axillary;  flowers  sessile,  not  re/lexed. 

*  Involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply  lobed,  and  the  lobes  laciniately  and  sharply  toothed; 

corolla  not  becoming  inflated. 

5.  T.  invohicratum,  "\Villd.     Smooth;  stems  ascending,  often  a  span  high  or  more; 
leaflets  mostly  oblanceolate  and  acute  at  each  end,  a  half  to  an  inch  long;  flowers  half  an 
inch  long,  in  close  heads,  purple  or  rose-colored;  the  narrow  calyx  teeth  all  entire;  ovules 
mostly  5  or  6. 

Var.  heterodon,  "Wat.  Heads  larger  and  leaflets  broader;  some  of  the  calyx  teeth 
setaciously  cleft. 

6.  tridentatum,  Lindl.     Smooth  or  glandular-puberulent,  slender  and  usually  erect, 


LEGUMINOS2E.      (PEA  FAMILY.)  4.3 

a  half  to  two  feet  high;  leaflets  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  heads 
rather  large,  the  flowers  6  to  8  lines  long,  purple,  often  tipped  with  white;  calyx  strongly 
nerved;  the  rigid  teeth  usually  shorter  than  the  tube,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spiuu- 
lose  apex,  often  with  a  stout  tooth  on  each  side;  ovules  usually  2. 

Var.    obtusiflorum,   Wat.      Stouter  and  often  glandular-puberulent,  with  broader 
leaflets  and  larger  flowers;  calyx  teeth  entire. 

7.  T.     pauciflorum,  Nutt.     Smooth,  very  slender;  stems  ascending  or  decumbent; 
leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  linear,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  serrulate; 
heads  few  flowered;  involucre  small;  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long,  not  much  exceeding  the 
calyx;  deep  purple  to  light  rose-colored;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  entire;  pod  2-seeded. 

*  *  Involucre  membranaceous,  at  least  at  the  base,  less  deeply  lobed;  corolla  not  inflated. 

8.  T.     microcephalum,  Pursh.     Villous,  with  soft  hairs,  slender,  erect  or  decum- 
bent; stems  often  a  foot  or  two  long;  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  usually  retuse, 
senr'ate;  heads  small,  dense;  involucre  about  9-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate  3-nerved, 
entire ;  calyx  hairy,  nearly  equaling  the  white  or  light  rose-colored  corolla;  ovules  2; 
pod  1 -seeded. 

9.  T.     microdon,  Hook  &  Arn.     Resembling  the  last;  involucre  broader,  nearly 
inclosing  the  head;  its  lobes  about  3-toothed;  calyx  smooth. 

*  *  *  Standard  becoming  conspicuously  inflated  and  inclosing  the  rest  of  the  flower;  invo- 
lucre nearly  obsolete  in  No.  22. 

10.  T.     barbigerum,   Torr.     Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  rather  stout,  decumbent 
or  ascending,  a  span  high  or  less;  stipules  scarious;  involucre  as  broad  as  the  heads, 
shortly  lobed;  calyx-tube  short,  membranaceous;  its  teeth  setaciously  awned,  plumose, 
the  lower  usually  exceeding  the  purple  corolla,  sometimes  3-parted;  pod  2-seeded. 

Var.     Andrewsii,  Gr.     A  stout  villous  form,  the  heads  sometimes  an  inch  broad; 
calyx  teeth  very  long. 

11.  T.     fucatum,  Lindl.     Smooth;  stems  stout  and  succulent,  a  foot  or  two  high; 
stipules  large  and  scarious,  usually  very  broad  and  entire;  leaflets  obovate,  ^  to  1^  inches 
long;  heads  large;  involucre  broad,  deeply  cleft;  flowers  often  an  inch  long,  pale  rose- 
colored  or  purplish;  2-G-seeded. 

12.  T.     depauperatum,    Desv.     Smooth,  low,  slender;  heads  only  3-10-flowered; 
involucre  scarcely  more  than  a  scarious  ring. 

13.  T.     amplectans,  Torr  &  Gr.     Like  the  last;  the  involucre  larger.     Probably 
only  a  variety. 

5.    MELILOTUS,  Tourn.        SWEET  CLOVER. 

Flowers  as  in  Trifolium,  except  that  the  petals  are  free  from  the  stamens  and  decidu- 
ous.    Pod  2-seeded. 

1.     M.     parviflora.    Desf.     Annual,  smooth,   erect,  often  2  or  3  ft.   high;    leaflets 


44:  LEGUMINOSJS.       (PEA   FAMILY.) 

mostly  cuncate,  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  an  inch  long  or  less;  flowers  yellow,  a  line 
long,  in  slender  axillary  pedunculate  racemes;  pedicels  a  line  long. 

6.     MEDICAGO,      L. 

Characters  nearly  as  the  last;  style  subulate;  pod  compressed,  falcate,  incurved  or 
Bpirally  coiled. 

1.  M.  sativa,     L.  (LUCERN-,  ALFALFA.)     Stems  erect,  1  to  4ft.  high;  from  a  deep 
perennial  root,  smooth;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  above;  flowers  3 
or  4  lines  long,  racemed;  pods  numerous,  spirally  twisted,  veined,  smooth. 

2.  M.     denticulata,    Willd.      BUR-CLOVER.      Annual,  nearly  smooth,  prostrate  or 
ascending;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  obcordate,  toothed  above;  flowers  small,  yellow, 
usually  3  to  8  in  an  axillary  cluster;  pods  spiral,  armed  with  a  double  row  of  hooked 
prickles. 

3.  M.     lupulina,  L.     Pubescent,  procumbent;  flowers  very  small,  yellow,  in  short 
spikes;  pods  smooth,  reniform,  1-seeded. 

7.      HOSACKIA.     Douglas. 

Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  free  from  the  stamens, 
nearly  equal;  standard  ovate  or  roundish,  the  claw  often  remote  from  the  others;  winga 
obovate  or  oblong;  keel  somewhat  incurved.  Style  incurved.  Pod  linear,  sessile,  several- 
seeded,  partitioned  between  the  seeds. Herbaceous  or  rarely  suffrutescent;  leaves 

pinnate,  2-many-foliolate;  stipules  minute  and  gland-like,  rarely  scarious  or  foliaceous; 
flowers  yellow  or  reddish,  in  axillary  sessile  or  pedunculate  umbels. 

The  flowers  usually  change  to  reddish  or  reddish-brown  in  drying.  Matured  pods  are 
necessary  for  the  determination  of  species. 

§  1.     Pod  shortly  acute,  linear  and  many-seeded,  straight,  smooth;   seeds  suborbicular; 

flowers  and  fruit  not  refiexed;  peduncles  long;  keel  broad  above  mostly  obtuse. 

Stipules  large,  foliaceous;  villous,  viscid H.  stipularis.  1 

Stipules  scarious;  smooth. 

Bract  small  or  none;  wings  usually  white H.  bicolor.  2 

Bract  1-3-foliolate,  at  the  umbel;  keel  and  wings  purplish H.  gracilis.  3 

Stipules  reduced  to  blackish  glands. 

Appressed-pubescent;  tall,  stout;  pod  long,  smooth H.  grandiflora.  4 

Flowers  very  small,  solitary H.  parviflora.  5 

§  2.     Pod  shortly  acute,  3-7-seeded,  straight;  flowers  small,  mostly  solitary;  Jceel  acute; 

stipules  gland-like;  villous. 

Blade  of  the  standard  cordate;  leaflets  3  to  5;  nearly  smooth H,  parviflora.     5 


LEGUMINOSJ3.       (PEA   FAMILY.)  45 

Flowers  pcduiicled;  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx;  leaves  nearly 

sessile,  1-3-f oliolate H.   Purshiana.     6 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  not  bracteate;  corolla  larger;  leaves  petioled,  3-5-f oliolate;  low. 

Calyx-teeth  about  equaling  the  tube,  pod  5-seeded H.  subpinnata.     7 

Teeth  much  longer  than  the  tube;  pod  2-4-seeded H.     brachycarpa.     C 

§  3.     Pod  long -attenuate  upward,  incurved,  pubescent;  stipules  gland-like;  leaflets  3  to  7; 
seeds  1  or  2;  peduncles  short  or  none;  flowers  and  fruit  reflexed. 

Somewhat  woody;  nearly  smooth;  stems  angled;  leaflets  mostly  3,  oblong  to  linear. 

Umbels  sessile;  teeth  narrow,  erect .glabra.     9 

Peduncles  short  or  nearly  wanting;  teeth  usually  recurved H.  cytisoides.     10 

Peduncles  shorter;  teeth  short  and  blunt H.  juncea.     11 

Very  silky-pubescent  or  tomentose;  stems  herbaceous:  pod  pubescent,  short;  umbels 
on  short  peduncles. 

Very  pubescent  throughout;  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long H.  tonientosa.     12 

Less  pubescent;  stem  smooth;  flowers  smaller H.  Heermanni.     13 

1.  H.  stipularis,  Benth.     Rather  tall,  stout,  two  feet  high  or  more,  glandular;  leaf- 
lets 15  to  21,  obovate  oblong,  acute  and  inucronate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long;  stipules  large 
ovate;  often  fragrant. 

2.  H.  bicolor,  Dougl.     Smooth,  erect  and  stout;  leaflets  5  to  9,  obovate  or  oblong,  a 
half  to  an  inch  long;  stipules  rather  large;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  3-7-flowered, 
naked  or  sometimes  with  a  small  1-3-foliolate  bract  at  the  summit;  flowers  nearly  sessile 
yellow,  the  wings  often  white;  pod  slender  nearly  2  inches  long. 

3.  H.  gracilis,  Benth.     Much  like  the  last;  usually  low  and  slender,  the  weak  stems 
a  span  high  or  more;  umbel  with  a  petioled  1-3-foliolate  bract;  flowers  yellow,  keel  and 
wings  purplish. 

4.  H.  grandiflora,    Benth.     Stout,   1  to  5  ft.  high,  more  or  less  appressed  silky- 
pubescent;  leaflets  5  to  7  on  an  elongated  rachis,  G  to  9  lines  long;  peduncles  elongated; 
umbel  3-8-flowered,  usually  subtended  by  a  single  leaflet;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  G  to  11 
lines  long,  yellowish  or  greenish  white,  often  tinged  with  purple,  pod  slender,  smooth. 

5.  H.    parviflora,  Benth.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stems  slender,  ascending,  a  span 
high  or  less;  leaflets  3  to  5,  obovate  and  very  small  to  narrowly  oblong  and  G  to  8  lines 
long;  bract  1-3-foliolate;  flowers  about  2  lines  long,  yellow. 

H.  Purshiana,  Benth.  Silky-villous,  rarely  smooth,  often  a  foot  high  or  more; 
leaflets  varying  from  ovato  to  lanceolate,  3  to  9  lines  long;  peduncles  usually  exceeding 
the  leaves;  the  solitary  flowers  2  or  3  lines  long. 

7.  H.  subpinnata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Villous  or  smooth,  decumbent,  a  span  high  or  less, 
leaflets  half  an  inch  long  or  less;  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long;  pod  linear  oblong,  about 
5-seeded. 


4:6  LEGUMINOS2E.       (PEA   FAMILY.) 

8.  H.     brachycarpa,    Benth.     Resembling  the   last;    softly  villous;    pod  vill 
2-4-seeded. 

9.  H.     glabra,  Torr.     Very  nearly  smooth;   stems  woody  at  base,  2  to  8  ft.  long, 
erect  or  decumbent;  leaflets  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  3  to  0  lines  long;  umbels  numerous, 
Bessile;  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long;  seeds  2. 

10.  H.     cytisoides,    Benth.     Resembling  the  last;  peduncles  equaling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves,  or  sometimes  very  short,  usually  with  a  1-3-foliolate  bract  at  the  top;  calyx- 
teeth  attenuate,  mostly  recurved, 

11.  H.     jtmcea,  Benth.     Somewhat  shrubby,  erect;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblong,  2  to 
4  lines  long;  umbels  on  very  short  peduncles  or  sessile;  flowers  about  3  lines  long;  calyx 
2  lines  long  or  less;  teeth  short  and  blunt. 

.  12.  .  H.  tomentosa,  Hook  &  Arn.  Very  pubescent,  weak  and  flexuose,  prostrate  or 
ascending,  a  foot  or  more  long;  leaflets  5  to  7,  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  acute,  3  to  G 
lines  long;  umbels  on  short  bracteolate  peduncles,  or  the  uppermost  sessile;  flowers  3  or  4 
lines  long;  alyx  half  as  long  or  more,  very  villous. 

13.  H.  Heermannii,  Durand  &  Hilgard.  Less  pubescent,  much  branched  and 
spreading;  leaflets  smaller;  flowers  smaller. 

8.     PSORALEA,     L. 

Calyx  lobes  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  one  longer;  the  two  upper  often  connate.  Keel 
broad  and  obtuse  above,  united  with  the  wings.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  monadelphous. 
Pod  ovate,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded,  thick,  sessile.  Perennial  herbs  punctate  with  dark 
glandular  dots.  Leaves  pinnately  3-foiiolate.  Stipules  free. 

*  Stems  prostrate,  creeping;    leaves  orbicular. 

1.  P.     orbicularis,    Lindl.     Petioles  6  to  12  inches  long;  the  leaflets  2  to  4  inches 
across,  slightly  cuneate  at  the  base;   peduncles  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing 
a  close  villous  spike  of  large  flowers;  the  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  much  the  longest  and 
about  equaling  the  purplish  corolla;  stamens  diadelphous. 

*  *  Stems  erect. 

2.  P.     strobilina,     Hook  &   Arn.     Two  or  three  feet  high;  petioles  3  or  4  inches 
long;  leaflets  rombic  ovate,  softly  pubescent  beneath,  about  2  inches  long;  stipules  large, 
membranaceous;  flowers  in  short  oblong  spikes,  smaller  than  the  last;  stamens  monadel- 
phous. 

3.  P.     macrostachya,   DC.     .Three  to  even  twelve  feet  high;  leaflets  ovate-lance- 
olate, an  inch  or  two  long  or  more;  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  spikes  cylin- 
drical, silky  villous,  the  hairs  often  blackish;  the  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  but  little  tno 
longest,  scarcely  eqiialing  the  purple  petals;  tenth  stamen  nearly  free. 

4.  P.     pliysod.es,     Dougl.     A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  smooth,   slender;   leaflets 


LEGUMIXOSJ3.      (PEA  FAMILY.)  47 

ovate,  mostly  acute,  about  an  inch  long ;  the  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  short,  closo 
racemes;  calyx  at  length  inflated;  stamens  monadelphous. 

9.     AMORPHA,  L. 

Calyx  obconical,  nearly  equally  5-toothed;  wings  and  keel  wanting;  the  standard  erect, 
folded  together.  Stamens  slightly  united  at  the  base,  exserted.  Pod  1-2-seeded.  Shrubs, 
glandular-punctate;  the  unequally  pinnate  leaves  with  the  leaflets  stipellate;  flowers 
purple  or  violet  in  dense  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Nutt.  Three  to  eight  feet  high,  puberulent;  leaflets  5  to  7 
pairs,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  an  inch  long;  spikes  1  to  6  inches  long. 

10.     GLYCYRRHIZA,  L.        LIQUORICE. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus.  Erect  perennial  herbs,  glandular  viscid;  leaves  une- 
qually pinnate;  stipules  deciduous;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  pedunculate  spikes;  root 
large  and  sweet. 

1.  G.  lepidota,  Nutt.,  var.  glutinosa,Wat.  Two  or  three  feet  high;  flowers  yellow- 
ish white  or  pinkish;  the  short  peduncles  covered  with  stout  viscid  hairs.  Bare;  on 
water  courses. 

^.jjl.     ASTRAGALUS,  Tourn.        RATTLE-WEED. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  and  its  slender  clawed  petals  usually  narrow;  keel  obtuse. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  very  various,  commonly  turgid  or  inflated,  one  or  both 
sutures  usually  projecting  inward,  frequently  so  much  as  to  divide  the  cell  into  two. 
Seeds  few  or  many  on  slender  stalks,  generally  small  for  the  size  of  the  pod.  Herbs,  or 
a  few  woody  at  the  base;  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers,  chiefly  in 
simple  spikes  or  racemes  from  the  axils. 

A  vast  genus  of  five  or  six  hundred  species;  about  fifty  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The  fruit 
is  needed  for  the  determination  of  the  species. 

*  Root  annual;  pod  not  inflated,  2-celled. 

Pod  wrinkled,  2-lobed,  2-seeded A.  didymocarpus.     1 

Pod  not  wrinkled,  several-seeded A.  tener.     2 

*  *  Hoot  perennial;  pod  bladdery-inflated,  1-celled. 

Stipe  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  pod  with  pointed  ends A.  oxyphysus.  3 

Stipe  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  pod  obtuse,  one-sided A.  leucophyllus.  4 

Stipe,  none;  pod  large  and  very  bladdery,  many  seeded;  leaflets  mostly  in  many  pairs; 
spike  or  raceme  many  flowered. 

Stipules  distinct;  pod  rather  firm  walled A.    Crotalariae.  5 

Stipules  united;  pod  thin A.     Menziesii.  G 

Stipules  membraiiaceous;  corolla  yellowish A.     Douglasii.  7 


48  LEGUMINOS.E.       (PEA   FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  didyino  carpus,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Slender  from  3  inches  to  a  foot  high;  leaflets 
9  to  15,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear  and  more  or  less  cuneate,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex; 
small  flowers  white  and  violet;  pod  not  over  two  lines  long,  short  oval  and  deeply  2-lobed 
lengthwise. 

2.  A.  tener.  Gr.     A  span  or  so  in  Light;  leaflets  similar  to  the  last,  not  so  deeply 
notched  or  entire;  pod  about  half  an  inch  long,  5-10-seeded;  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long, 
bright  violet  to  pale  and  violet-tipped. 

3.  A.  oxyphysus,  Gr.     Canescent  with  very  soft  silky  pubescence;  stem  erect,  2 
to  3  ft.  high;  leaflets  oblong  an  inch  or  less  in  length;  peduncles  much  exceeding  the 
leaves;  corolla  greenish-white  8  lines  long;  bladdery  pod  acuminate  and  tapering  into  the 
recurved  stipe  which  a  little  exceeds  the  calyx. 

4.  A.  Isucophyllus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Less  canescent  than  the  last;  flowers  about  half 
an  inch  long;  corolla  yellowish-white;  the  thin  pod  unequal-sided,  an  inch  and  a  half 
long  on  a  filiform  pubescent  stipe  of  almost  equal  length. 

5.  A.  CrotalariaD,  Gr.,  var.  virgatus,  Gr.    Smooth  or  the  young  parts  villous;  sterna 
2  or  3  ft.  high,  stout;  stipules  scarious,  triangular  or  subulate,  distinct;  peduncles  elon- 
gated; racemes  virgate  and  loose,  4  to  10  inches  long;  the  white  flowers  soon  deflexed. 

C.  A.  Menziesii,  Gr.  Villous  with  whitish  hairs  or  soon  green  and  almost  smooth; 
stems  sometimes  decumbent,  1  to  4  ft.  high;  the  lower  stipules  united  opposite  the  leaf; 
inflorescence  similar  to  the  last  but  more  dense;  pod  larger  (an  inch  and  a  half  or  more 
long)  and  more  bladdery. 

7.  A.  Douglasii,  Gr.  Cinereous-puberulent,  almost  smooth  in  age,  stems  ascend- 
ing, a  foot  or  so  in  height;  leaflets  in  numerous  pairs;  linear  or  linear-oblong,  4  to  9  lines 
long;  spike,  half  to  an  inch  long;  10-20-flowered;  pod  gibbous-ovoid,  1 J  to  2  inches  long. 

/* 

£&J  VICIA,  Tourn.        VETCH.     TARE. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  cleft,  usually  unequally.  Wings  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the 
short  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so.  Style  filiform,  inflexed,  the  apex  sur- 
rounded by  hairs  or  hairy  upon  the  back.  Pod  flat  2-valved,  shortly  stipitate.  Herbs, 
with  angular  stems  climbing  by  branched  tendrils  terminating  the  pinnate  leaves;  leaflets 
entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex;  stipules  semi-sagittate;  flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  axillary 
racemes. 

*  Perennials;  flowers  in  pedunculate,  racemes. 

1.  V.  gigantea,  Hook.     Stout  and  tall,  climbing  several  feet  high;  leaflets  10  to  15 
pairs,    oblong,    obtuse,    mucronate,    an   inch   or  two    long;    stipules    large;    peduncles 
5-18-flowered;  corolla  6  or  7  lines  long,  pale  purple;  pod  broadly  oblong,  \\  inches  long 
or  more,  smooth  3-4-seeded. 

The  seeds  are  large  and  edible;  blackens  in  drying. 

2.  V.     Americana,  MuLL     Usually  rather  stout,  1  to  4  ft.  high,  smooth :  leaflets  4 
to  8  pairs,  variable,  linear  to  ovate-oblong,  truncate  to  acute,  \  to  2  inches  long;  pedun- 


ROSACEJE.       (ROSE   FAMILY.)  49 

clea  4-S-flowered;  flowers  purplish,  G  to  9  lines  long;  style  very  villous  at  the  top;  pods 
an  inch  long  or  more,  3-G-seeded. 

Var.  truncata,  Brewer.  Somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  truncate  and  often  3-5-toothed 
at  the  apex. 

Var.  linearis,  Watson.     Leaves  all  linear.     Only  the  varieties  are  likely  to  be  found. 

*  *  Slender  annuals;  flowers  mostly  solitary. 

3.  V.  ezigua,  Nutt.     A  span  to  two  feet  high,  somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  about 
4  pairs,  linear,  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long;  peduncles  usually  short,  rarely  2-flowered; 
flowers  3  lines  long,  purplish;  pod  about  G-seeded. 

4.  V.  sativa,  L.     Rather  stout,  somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  5  or  6  pairs,  obovate- 
oblong  to  linear,  retuse,   long-mucronate;   flowers  nearly  sessile,  an  inch  long,  violet- 
purple. — The  common  tare  of  Europe.     Introduced. 

ft 

•12.    LATHYRUS,  L. 

Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  top,  and  usually  twisted,  hairy  on  the  inner  side. 
Peduncles  usually  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  and  several  flowered. 

*  Rachis  of  the  leaves  tendril  bearing;  pod  sessile;  racemes  several  flowered. 

1.  L.  venosus,  MuhL,  var.  Calif ornicus,  Watson.     Very  stout,  several  feet  high; 
Btems  often  strongly  winged;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute;  flowers  nearly  or  quite  an  inch 
long,  purple;  pod  about  2  inches  long. 

2.  L.     vestitus,  Nutt.     Slender,  a  foot  to  G  or  10  feet  high;   stems  not  winged; 
stipules  narrow,  often  small;  flowers  pale  rose-color  or  violet,  usually  7  to  10  lines  long; 
ovary  pubescent. 

3.  L.     palustris,  L.     Slender,  a  foot  or  two  high;   stem  often  winged;  leaflets  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  linear,  acute,  an  inch  or  two  long;  flowers  purplish,  half  an  inch  long. 

Var.     myrtifolius,  Gr.     Stipules  broader;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  shorter. 

*  Rachis  of  the  leaves  not  tendril  bearing,  or  rarely  so;  pod  shortly  stipulate,  peduncles 

lon<j;  %-6-flowered. 

4.  L.     littoralis,  Endl.     Densely  silky- villous  throughout;   stems  numerous,  from 
creeping  root-stocks,  stout,  decumbent  or  ascending,  ^  to  2  ft.  high;  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs, 
with  a  small  linear  or  oblong  terminal  one;  calyx  teeth  nearly  equal;  standard  bright 
purple,  G  to  8  lines  long,  exceeding  the  paler  wings  and  keel;  pod  villous,  an  inch  long. 


ORDER  21.      ROSACE-ffi. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident  stipules,  mostly  numer- 
ous stamens  borne  on  the  calyx;  distinct  free  pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  in  one  sub- 


50  EOSACE2E.       (HOSE   FAMILY.) 

order  few  and  coherent  with  each  other  and  adherent  to  the  calyx  forming  a  2-scveral 
celled  inferior  ovary. 
Nearly  all  the  cultivated  fruits  of  the  temperate  zones  belong  to  this  order. 

SUB-ORDER   1.     AMYGDALE.S. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  rarely  5,  becoming  drupes,  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  this  or  its 

lobes  deciduous. Trees  or  shrubs  with  bark  and  seeds  tasting  and  smelling  like  those 

of  the  peach  or  cherry.     Stipules  few,  deciduous. 

Flowers  perfect;  carpel  solitary Primus.     1 

Flowers  not  all  perfect;  carpels  5 Nuttallia.     2 

SUB-ORDER  2.    ROSACE-2S  PROPER. 
Carpels  free  from  the  persistent  calyx  becoming  akenes,  follicles  or  berries. 

§  1.     Carpels  few,  becoming  follicles;  calyx  open. 

Shrubs;  follicles  2  to  8 ;  flowers  minute,  in  panicles Spiraea.     3 

Shrubs;  follicles  1  to  5;  flowers  larger,  in  corymbs Neiliia.      4 

§  2.     Carpels  several  or  numerous,  on  a  spongy  receptacle,  forming  a  compound 

berry Rubus.     5 

§  3.     Carpels  one  or  many,  becoming  dry  aJcenes. 

Shrubs;  solitary,  axillary  apetalous  flowers Cercocarpus.     6 

Herbs;  carpels  many,  on  a  fleshy  receptacle Fragaria.     7 

Herbs;  carpels  many,  on  a  dry  receptacle — 

Stamens  20  to  25 Potentilla.     8 

Stamens  10 > Horkelia.     9 

Shrub:  heath-like,  with  subulate  fascicled  leaves Adenostoma.     10 

§  4.     Erect  shrubs;  showy  Jlowers Rosa.     11 

SUB-ORDER  3.     POMEJE. 

Carpels  2  to  5,  inclosed  in  and  mostly  adnate  to  the  fleshy  calyx-tube,  in  fruit  becoming 
a  berry-like  pome.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  free  stipules. 

Stamens  10,  in  pairs;  fruit  red Heteromeles.     12 

Stamens  20;  fruit  black Amelanchier.     13 

1.    PRUNUS,  Tourn.        PLUM,  CHERRY,  ETC. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  deciduous.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  15  to  25,  inserted  with  the 


(ROSE  FAMILY.)  51 

petals.     Ovary  solitary,  free,  with  two  pendulous  ovules;  style  terminal.     Fruit  a  drupe, 
with  usually  a  long  stone  containing  one  seed. 
Deciduous;  flowers  white. 

Corymbose;  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves P.  emarginata.     1 

Racemose;  appearing  after  the  leaves P.  demissa.     2 

Evergreen;  leafless  racemes  axillary P.  ilicifolia.     3 

1.  P.  emarginata,  Walp.     Four  to  eight  feet  high,  with  bark  like  the   ordinary 
cherry  tree,  and  chestnut- brown  very  slender  branches;  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  obiau- 
ceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole;  corymb  6-12-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  4  to  6  lines  broad;  fruit  globose,  black;  stone  with  a  thick  grooved  ridge 
Upon  one  side. 

2.  P.  demissa.  Walp.     (WILD  CHERRY.)    Slender,  2  to  12  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly  rounded   or  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base; 
racemes  3  or  4  inches  long;  fruit  purplish-black  or  red,  edible  but  astringent. 

3.  P.  ilicifolia,  Walp.     (EVERGREEN  CHERRY.)     Much  branched,  8  to  12  ft.  high, 
with  grayish-brown  bark;  leaves  thick  and  rigid,  shining  above,  broadly  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  spinosely  toothed;  flowers  small  in  racemes  ^  to  2  inches  long;  fruit  red  or 
dark  purple,  half  an  inch  or  more  thick. 

2.     NUTTALLIA,  Torr.  &  Gr.        Oso  BERRY. 

Petals  5,  broadly  spatulate,  erect.  Stamens  15  in  two  rows,  10  inserted  with  the 
petals,  and  5  lower  down  upon  the  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube,  filaments  very  short,  the 
lower  declined.  Carpels  5,  inserted  on  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx-tube,  free,  smooth. 

1.  N.  cerasiformis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  A  shrub  2  to  15  ft.  high;  leaves  rather  broadly 
oblanceolate,  short  petioled;  racemes  of  greenish  white  flowers,  appearing  with  the 
branchlets  from  the  same  bud;  drupes  blue-black;  with  a  slight  furrow  on  the  inner  side, 
6  to  8  lines  long,  bitter. 

3.     SPIR-2BA,  L. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  rounded,  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  20  or  more, 
inserted  with  the  petals.  Carpels  distinct  and  sessile,  becoming  several-seeded  follicles. 

1.  S.  discolor,  Pursh.  A  diffuse  shrub,  4  ft.  high  or  more  with  grayish  brown  bark, 
pubescent;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  truncate  at  base  or  cuneate  into  a  slender  petiole,  pin- 
nately  toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes  often  dentate;  panicle  of  dingy  white  flowers  much 
branched,  tomentose. 

Var.  ariaefolia,  Wat.    Taller,  5  to  15  ft.  high,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  panicle  larger. 

Yar.  dumosa,  Wat.  Only  1  or  2  ft.  high,  leaves  an  inch  long  or  less,  cuneate  into  a 
short  margined  petiole. 

4.     NEILLIA,  Don.        NINE-BARK. 
Carpels  1  to  5,  inflated  and  divergent;  flowers  large,  white,  in  simple  corymbs. 


52  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  W.  opulifolia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  shrub  3  to  10  ft.  high,  with  slender  spreading 
or  recurved  branches  and  ash-colored  shreddy  bark;  leaves  ovate  to  cordate,  3-lobed  and 
toothed,  1  to  3  inches  long. 

5.     RUBUS,   L. 

Calyx  persistent  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  conspicuous.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  numer- 
ous, on  a  convex  receptacle,  becoming  small  globose  1 -seeded  drupes,  forming  a  com- 
pound berry. — Fruit  edible. 

§  1.     Fruit  ivith  a  bloom,  separating  from  the  receptacle  when  ripe. 

Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed;  stem  soft,  woody Nutkanus.     1 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  or  on  the  flowering  branches  simple,  rarely  5-foliolate;  stems  soft, 
woody,  prickly — 

Flowers  large,  red spectabilis.     2 

Flowers  white leucoderniis.     3 

Stems  herbaceous,  trailing  unarmed pedatus.     4 

§  2.     Fruit  persistent,  black  and  shining;  stems  prickly,  flowers  white ursinus.     5 

1.  R.     Nutkanus,  Moc.    (THIMBLE-BERRY.)   Stems  erect,  3  to  8  ft.  high;  older  bark 
shreddy,  no  prickles;  leaves  4  to  12  inches  broad;  flowers  large  white,  rarely  rose- col- 
ored, an  inch  or  more  across;  fruit  red,  large. 

2.  R.     spectabilis,  Pursh.    (SALMON-BERRY.  )   Stems  5  to  10  ft.  high,  similar  to  the 
last,  but  armed  with  a  few  prickles.     Distinguished  by  its  large  red  flowers  and  cylin- 
drical-ovoid yellow  or  purplish  berries. 

Var.     Menaiesii,  Wat.     Densely  tomentose  and  silky. 

3.  R.     leucodermis,    Dougl.    (RASPBERRY.)   Maybe  known  by  its  leaflets,  white, 
tomentose  beneath,  prickly  stem,  white  flowers,  and  its   yellowish  red  white-bloomed 
fruit. 

4.  R.  pedatus,  Smith.     Stems  slender  pubescent;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  an  inch 
or  less  in  length;  flowers  white;  the  at  length  reflexed  sepals  exceeding  the  petals;  berry 
of  only  3  to  G  large  red  pulpy  drupelets. 

5.  R.     ursinus,  Cham.  &  Schl.    (BLACKBERRY.  )   Stems  weak  or  trailing,  5  to  20  ft. 
long;  fruit  oblong. 

6.     CERCOCARPUS,   HBK. 

Calyx  narrow,  tubular,  the  campanulate  5-lobed  limb  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Carpels  solitary.  Fruit  a  villous  akene, 
included  in  the  enlarged  calyx-tube,  tailed  with  the  elongated  exserted  plumose  twisted 
style. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  C.  ledifolius,  Nutt.  is  the  MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  following  is  found  in  the  Coast  Range. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  53 

1.  C.  parvifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  2  to  10  ft.  high,  or  rarely  a  tree,  branching  from 
a  thick  base.  Tails  of  the  fruit  often  4  inches  long. 

7.     FRAGARIA.   Tourn.      STRAWBERRY. 

Calyx  persistent;  limb  5-toothed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets.  Petals  white,  spreading. 
Stamens  in  one  row.  Carpels  numerous,  smooth;  styles  lateral  short.  Receptacle  much 
enlarged  in  fruit,  conical,  scarlet,  bearing  the  small  akenes  on  its  surface. 

1.  F.     Chilensis,    Ehrh.     Densely  villous,  with  silky  hairs;  leaflets  thick,  smooth 
above;  flowers  often  an  inch  broad;  fruit  ovate;  akenes  deeply  pitted. 

2.  F.     Californica,   Cham.  &   Schl.     Somewhat  villous;   leaves  thin,  veiny;  fruit 
Email;  akenes  not  in  pits. 

8.     FOTENTILLA,     L. 

Calyx  as  in  Fragaria.  Petals  yellow,  rarely  white.  Stamens  20  to  50,  marginal  in  1 
to  3  rows.  Carpels  numerous.  Akenes  small,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 

1.  P.     glandulosa,  Lindl.     Perennial,  erect,  a  foot  or  more  high;  leaves  pinnate; 
leaflets  5  to  9,  rounded,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate;  flowers  cymose;  calyx  4  to  G  lines  long, 
usually  villous,  with  coarse  hairs ;  bractlets  shorter  than  the  lobes;  petals  not  exceeding 
the  calyx;  stamens  25  in  one  row. 

2.  P.     Anserina,  L.    (SILVER- WEED.)   White  tomentose  and  silky -villous  leaves,  all 
radical,  often  a  foot  long  or  more;  leaflets  3  to  10  pairs,  with  smaller  ones  interposed, 
oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tomentose,  at  least  beneath;  flowers  yellow,  solitary,  on  scape- 
like  peduncles. 

9.     HORKELIA,   Cham.  &  Schl. 

Petals  obovate  to  linear,  often  clawed,  white  or  pink.  Stamens  10,  in  two  rows;  fila- 
ments more  or  less  dilated;  those  opposite  to  the  sepals  broadest.  Flowers  cymose. 

*  Bractlets  nearly  as  broad  as  the  calyx-lobes. 

1.  H.     Californica,  Cham.    &  Schl.     Glandular-pubescent;   stems  a  foot  high  or 
more;  leaflets  5  to  10  pairs,  3  to  8  lines  long;  calyx  about  equaling  the  epatulate  petals. 

Var.  sericea,  Gr.  Canescent  throughout,  with  a  dense,  silky  pubescence;  leaf- 
lets larger. 

*  *  Bractlets  much  narrower  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

2.  H.     tenuiloba,  Gr.     Canescently  villous,  a  foot  high;  leaflets  8  to  12  pairs,  deeply 
incised,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

3.  H.     Bolandcri,  Gr.     Densely  hoary-pubescent,  cespitose,  the  stems  3  or  4  inches 
high,  the  numerous  leaflets  minute,  with  rounded  lobes. 

10.     ADENOSTOMA,  Hook  &  Arn.     CIIAMISO. 
Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed;   tube   obconical,   10-ribbed;  lobes  membranaceous,  broad. 


54  HOSACE2E.       (HOSE   FAMLY.) 

Petals  5,  orbicular,  spreading.  Stamens  10  to  15,  usually  2  or  3  together  between  the 
petals.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  akene,  included  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube. Ever- 
green shrubs,  somewhat  resinous;  flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal,  racemose  panicles. 

1.  A.  fasciculatum,  Hook  &  Arn,  A  diffusely  branching  shrub,  2  to  20  ft.  high, 
with  reddish  virgate  branches  and  grayish  shreddy  bark;  leaves  fascicled,  linear  subulate, 
2  to  4  lines  long,  usually  channeled  on  one  side,  smooth. 

Alchemilla  arveiisis,  Scop. ,  belongs  here.  Its  minute,  greenish,  apetalous  flowers 
are  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  small  leaves  and  inclosed  by  the  cleft  stipules.  A  small 
under  herb,  growing  on  sandy  hillsides. 

Acaeiia  trifida,  E,.  &  Pav.  Is  another  apetalous  herb,  with  silky,  villous  leaves  and 
stem  rising  from  a  woody  caudex;  3  to  15  inches  high.  The  leaves  are  pinnate,  the  leaf- 
lets pinnately  cleft  into  3  to  7  segments.  The  greenish  flowers  with  purple  stamens  are 
in  a  crowded  terminal  spike.  Habitat  similar  to  the  last. 

11.     ROSA,  Tourn.        ROSE. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  here  characterize  this  well-known  genus. 

1.  R.    California  a,  Cham.  &  Schl.     Erect,  2  to  8  ft.  high,   sparingly  armed  with 
usually  recurved  prickles,  tomentose;   leaflets  2  or  3  pairs;  calyx  lobes  tomentose,  often 
glandular  leafy;  petals  6  to  9  lines  long;  fruit  globose. 

2.  R.      gymnocarpa,    Nutt.     Slender,  1  to  4  ft.  high,  armed  with  straight  slender 
prickles  or  unarmed,  smooth;  leaflets  2  to  4  pairs,  glandular;  flowers  solitary,  rarely  2  or 
3,  rarely  an  inch  in  diameter;  calyx  lobes  at  length  deciduous;  fruit  small,  ovate  or  pear- 
shaped. 

12.  HETEROMELES,  J.  Rcemer.        PHOTINIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  in  pairs,  opposite  the  calyx-teeth. 

Fruit  red,  berry-like. An  evergreen  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  coriaceous,  simple, 

eharply  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  white  in  terminal  panicles. 

1.  H.  arbutifolia,  Hoem.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  lighter  beneath,  narrowly  to 
oblong  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  2  to  4  inches  long,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  revo- 
lute  margins;  fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter. 

Pirus  rivularis,  Dougl.,  the  Oregon  Crab- Apple,  may  be  found  in  Sonoma  County. 

13.  AMELANCHIER,  Med.        SERVICE-BERRY. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong,  ascending. 
Stamens  20,  short.  Carpels  3  to  5  inferior,  becoming  membranaceous  and  partially  2- 
celled;  styles  united  below  or  distinct.  Fruit  berry  like,  globose. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees;  leaves  simple,  serrate;  flowers  white,  racemose;  fruit  purplish,  edible. 

1.  A.  alnifolia,  Nutt.  A  shrub  3  to  8  ft.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  sometimes 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate  only  toward  the  summit,  %  to 


SAXIFBAGACKZE.       (SAXIFEAGE   FAMILY.)  55 

ORDER  CALYCANTHACE2EI,  is  represented  by  Calycanikus  octidcntaUs,  Hook. 
&  Arn.,  an  erect  shrub  6  to  12  ft.  high,  with  opposite  entire  lanceolate  leaves,  3  to  6 
inches  long  and  large  solitary  livid  or  purplish  red  flowers;  sepals  and  petals  numerous, 
linear-spatulate.  The  common  name  of  the  Eastern  species — Sweet- Scented  Shrub — is 
scarcely  applicable  to  our  species. 


OEDEB  22.     SAXIFRAGACEJE. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  distinguished  from  Rosacece  by  albuminous  seeds;  usually 
by  definite  stamens,  not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes;  commonly  by 
the  want  of  stipules;  sometimes  by  the  leaves  being  opposite;  and  in  most  by  the  partial 
or  complete  union  of  the  2  to  5  carpels  into  a  compound  ovary.  Seeds  usually  indefinite 
or  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Styles  inclined  to  be  distinct.  Only 
the  Jlydrangiece  have  many  stamens. 

Tribe  1.  SAXIFRAGES.  Herbs,  leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  distinct 
stipules.  Styles  or  tips  of  the  carpels  distinct.  Fruit  capsular  or  follicular. 

*  Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells,  or  of  as  many  distinct  carpels. 

Stamens  10,  rarely  more Saxifraga.     1 

Stamens  5 Boy  kinia.     2 

*  *  Ovary  1-celled. 

Stamens  10,  included Tellima.  3 

Stamens  10,  exserted Tiarella.  4 

Stamens  5,  and  styles  2 Heuchera.  5 

Tribe  2.     HYDRANGI3ZEJ.     Shrubs,  leaves  opposite,  simple,   no  stipules.     Fruit 

capsular. 

A  tall  shrub.     Large  white  flowers Philadelphus.     G 

Low,  scarcely  shrubby.     Small  flowers Whipplea.     7 

Tribe  3.     GROSSULARIE-SJ.     Shrubs,  leaves  alternate  with  stipules  adnate  to  the 

petiole  or  wanting.     Fruit  a  berry. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary Ribes.     8 

1.    SAXIFRAGA,  L.        SAXIFEAGE. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  free,  or  its  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5. 
Fruit  of  2  follicles,  or  a  2-lobed  capsule. — In  our  species  stemless;  flowers  white. 

1.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  Leaves  thickish,  oblong-ovate  to  spatulate-obovate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  almost  entire,  an  inch  or  two  long  and  the  margined  petiole  often  as 
long;  scape  viscid  pubescent,  4  to  12  inches  high,  at  length  -loosely  many  flowered  in  a 
paniculate  cyme;  flowers,  small  white. 

?S3;t 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


56  SAXIFRAGACES.       (  SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

2.  S.  integrifolia,  Hooker.     Larger;  leaves  shorter  petioled;  flowers  in  a  thyrsiform 
panicle;  calyx  lobes  reflexed. 

3.  S.     Mertensiana,    Bong.     Scape  and  leaves  from  a  scaly  granulate  bulb;  leaves 
rounded  and  cordate  on  long  naked  petioles;  crenately  or  incisely  lobed,  the  lobes  often 
3-toothed  at  the  end;  2  to  4  inches  across;  calyx  free. 

2.     BOYKINIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  entire,  closed.  Stamens  alternating 
with  the  petals.  Ovary  and  capsr.le  2-celled. — Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
simple  leafy  stems;  the  leaves  alternate,  round-reniform,  palmately  lobed  and  incised  or 
toothed,  the  teeth  with  callous-glandular  tips,  and  the  petioles  mostly  with  stipule-like 
appendages  at  the  base. 

1.  B.  occidentalis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Smoothish,  or  with  some  rusty  hairs;  a  foot  or 
two  high;  leaves  thin-membranaceous,  3-7-lobed;  petals  white,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

3.     TELLIMA,  II.  Br. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed;  the  base  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
ovary.  Petals  5,  inserted  in  the  throat  or  sinuses  of  the  calyx,  laciniate-pinnatifid, 
3-7-lobed,  or  entire.  Stamens  10,  short.  Ovary  short,  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal 
placentae;  styles  2  or  3,  very  short;  stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  conical,  slightly  2-3- 
beaked. — Perennials,  with  round-cordate  and  toothed  or  palmately  divided  chiefly  alter- 
nate leaves,  few  on  simple  stems,  their  petioles  with  stipule-like  dilations  at  the  base, 
and  the  flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme;  petals  white  or  pinkish. 

Petals  laciniate-pinnatifid T.  grandiflora.  1 

Petals  entire,  spatulate-obovate T.  Cymbalaria.  2 

Petals  entire;  pedicels  very  short T.  Bolanderi.  3 

Petals  obtusely  3-lobed T.  heterophylla.  4 

Petals  acutely  3-lobed ,   T.  affinis.  5 

1.  T.  grandiflora,  Dougl.     A  foot  or  more  high,  from  short  stout  tufted  rootstocks, 
hirsute  or  pubescent;  leaves  lobed,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter;  flowers  dull-colored. 

2.  T.   Cymbalaria,  Gr.     Stem  or  scape  filiform,  4  to  12  inches  high,  bearing  mostly 
a  pair  of  opposite  3-lobed  or  parted  leaves;  radical  leaves  somewhat  3-5-lobed,  half  an 
inch  across,  flowers  few  and  slender  pediceled,  white. 

3.  T.  Bolanderi,  Gr.     Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  1^-leaved;  radical  and  lower 
leaves  lobed,  the  upper  3-5-parted;  petals  rarely  with  a  small  tootli  on  each  side,  white. 

4.  T.  heterophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Stems  slender,  a  foot  or  less  in  height   1-3- 
leaved;  leaves  similar  to  the  last,  but  smaller;  flowers  fewer  and  smaller,  sometimes 
flesh-colored. 

5.  T.  affinis,  Gr.     Hougher-pubescent;  stem  and  leaves  similar  to  the  last;  calyx 
densely  rough  glandular-pubescent;  petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  white  or  flesh-colored. 


SAXIFEAGACE2E.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  57 

4.     TIARELLA,  L. 

Distinguished  by  the  minute,  slender  petals,  long  exserted  stamens,  and  the  very  une- 
qual horns  of  the  2-carpeled  ovary. 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Somewhat  hairy;  flowering  stems  4  to  15  inches  high,  1-3- 
leaved;  leaves  thin,  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  crenate-toothed;  flowers  small,  panicled. 

5.     HEUCHERA,     L.        ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  small,  entire,  clawed. 
Ovary  more  or  less  2-beakedj  the  beaks  tapering  into  either  filiform  long,  or  subulate 
shorter  styles. — Herbs  with  small,  dull-colored  paniculate  flowers.  Scarious  stipules 
aclnate  or  distinct.  Leaves  round-cordate,  obtusely  lobed,  crenate-toothed. 

1.  H.     micrautha,  Dougl.     Scape,  or  few  leaved  flowering  stems,  a  foot  or  two 
high;    leaves  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter;   calyx  acute  at  the  base,  lobes  erect;  styles 
Blender. 

2.  H.     pilosissima,  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Very  villous-pubescent  or  hirsute,  with  viscid 
hairs;  calyx  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  broad,  short  lobes  incurving,  densely 
hairy;  styles  short. 

6.     PHILADELPHTJS,  L.     MOCK  ORANGE. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  the  summit,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5, 
large,  obovate  or  roundish.  Stamens  20  to  40.  Styles  3  to  5,  united  at  the  base  or 
nearly  to  the  top. — Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  showy  white  flowers. 

1.  P.  Gordoaiaiius,  LindL  Six  to  twelve  feet  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  coarsly-serrate,  2  to  4  inches  long;  flowers  in  loose  clusters,  which  are  leafy  at  the 
base;  petals  frequently  an  inch  long. 

7.     WHIFFLEA,    Torr. 

Calyx  lobes  thin,  white  or  whitish.  Petals  ovate  or  oblong.  Ovary  3  to  5-celled. 
Styles  distinct,  subulate. — Small,  trailing  or  diffuse,  ours  half  shrubby  plants,  with 
opposite,  short  petioled,  3-ribbed  leaves,  no  stipules  and  small  white  cymose-clustered 
flowers;  peduncles  naked,  terminal. 

1.  W.  xnodesta,  Torr.  Leaves  membranaceous,  ovate  or  oval,  obtusely  few-toothed 
or  entire,  an  inch  or  less  long.  Flower  2  lines  long,  clusters  close-flowered,  fragrant. 

8.     RISES,     L. 

Calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  globose  ovary  and  extended  beyond  it,  the  limb  commonly 
petaloid.  Petals  erect,  mostly  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Berry  crowned  by  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower.  —  Shrubs  with 
alternate  palmately  lobed  leaves. 


53  CRASSULACE.E.      (STONE-CROP  FAMILY.) 

§  1.     Thorny  under  the  fascicles.     GOOSEBERRIES. 

Berry  prickly R.    Menziesii.  3, 

Berry  smooth R.     divaricatum.  2 

Berry  dry;  flowers  large,  bright-red R.     speciosuni.  3 

§  2.     'Thornless  and  priceless.     CURRANTS. 

Flowers  rose-red  to  white . . . . R.     sanguineum.     4 

Flowers  golden  yellow R.     aureum.     5 

1.  R.     Menziesii,  Pursh.     Calyx  about  half  an  inch  long,  purplish  red;  its  oblong 
lobes  spreading  or  recurved,  longer  than  the  funnelform  tube,  hardly  longer  than  the 
stamens  which  surpass  the  whitish,  petals;  berry  thickly  covered  with  prickles. 

2.  R.     divaricatum,  Dougl.     Flowers  one-third  of  an  inch  long;  calyx  livid-pur- 
plish or  greenish- white;  its  lobes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  fan-shaped  white  petals, 
these  only  one-third  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  villous  2-cleft  style. 

3.  R.     speciosum,  Pursh.     Very  tall;  flowers  2  to  5  on  a  bristly-glandular  peduncle, 
drooping,  fuchsia-like,  almost  an  inch  long  and  stamens  as  much  longer. 

4.  R.   sanguineum,    Pursh.     Racemes  drooping,  many  flowered;   calyx  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovary  into  a  campanulate  tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  about  equaling  the  lobes.  — • 
Runs  into  indefinite  varieties. 

5.  R.  aureum,    Pursh.      Flowers  golden  yellow,  spicy-fragrant,  in  5-10-flowered, 
leafy-bracted  racemes. 

ORDER  23.     CRASSULACE.2E2. 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  with  completely  symmetrical  as  well  as  regular  flowers. 

Parts  of  the  flower  each  4  to  7;  stamens  twice  as  many.     Petals  distinct. . . .  Sedum.     1 
Petals  somewhat  united Cotyledon.     2 

1.     SEDTJM,  L.        STONE-CROP. 

Sepals  4  or  5  united  at  the  base.     Carpels  distinct  or  rarely  connate  at  the  base. 

1.  S.  spathulifolium,  Hook.  Stems  ascending  from  a  branched  rooting  caudex,  4 
to  6  inches  high;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  6  to  10  lines  long;  flowers  secund  in 
a  forked  cyme,  nearly  sessile,  3  lines  long;  petals  yellow,  lanceolate  acute. 

2.     COTYLEDON,  L. 

Petals  united  into  a  5-lobed  pitcher-shaped  or  cylindrical  corolla.  Stamens  10,  in- 
serted on  the  corolla-tube.  Carpels  usually  distinct. 

1.  C.  farinosa,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Acaulescent,  more  or  less  mealy-pulverulent; 
rosulate  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  larger  ones  2  to  4  inches  long;  flowering 
branches  a  span  high  with  scattered  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate  clasping  leaves.  Flowers 
yellow. 


ONAGRACE2E.       (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  59 

2.  C.  casspitosa,  Hawworth.  Similar  to  the  last;  smooth  glaucous-green;  flowering 
branches  6  to  12  inches  high,  with  broadly  triangular-ovate  clasping  leaves.  The  most 
common  species. 

TILLsEA  MINIMA,  Miers.,  a  small  herb  1  to  3  inches  high  with  clusters  of  minute  -white  flow- 
ers iu  the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves  is  a  common  under-herb  in  moist  places;  as  is  also  T.  an^w^i- 
folia,  Nutt.,  only  an  inch  high  with  solitary  flowers. 

ORDER  LYTHRACS.S3  is  represented  by  Lytlirum  alatum,  Pursh.,  var.  Unearifollum, 
Gr.  An  herb  a  foot  or  two  high  with  angled  stemes  and  small  deep  purple  C-petalcd 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  entire  sessile  leaves. 


ORDER  24.     ONAGRACEJE. 

Herbs  (snrubby  exotics),  with  the  parts  of  the  flowers  in  fours,  the  calyx  tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  the  petals  borne  on  its  throat,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many. 
Style  always  single. 

Aquatic  stems  creeping Jussicea.     1 

Flowers  scarlet,  fuchsia-like Zauschneria.     2 

Flowers  small,  purplish,  leaves  mostly  opposite Epilobium.     3 

Anthers  attached  near  the  center CEnothera.     4 

Flowers  purple,  calyx  lobes  reflexed Godetia.     5 

Petals  clawed,  calyx-tube  short Clarkia.     6 

Petals  clawed,  calyx-tube  filiform Eucharidium.     7 

Flowers  purple  in  leafy  spikes Boisduvalia.     0 

Flowers  minute,  white,  parts  in  twos Circeea.     9 

1.     JUSSL2EA,  L. 

The  4  to  6  herbaceous  lobes  of  the  calyx  persistent.  Petals  as  many,  obovate,  spread- 
ing, yellow.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Capsule  clavate. 

1.  J.  repens,  L.,  Var.  Californica,  Wat.  Characterized  sufficiently  by  its 
creeping  stems  and  its  solitary  axillary  flowers  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter. 

2.     ZAUSCHNERIA,     Presl. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  much  prolonged  beyond  the  linear  ovary,  colored,  the  4-lobed 
limb  with  8  small  deciduous  scales,  4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Stamens  8,  exserted. 

1.  Z.  Californica,  Presl.  The  scarlet  fuchsia-like  flowers  over  an  inch  long  cannot 
be  mistaken. 

3.    EPILOBIUM,     L.     WILLOW-HERB. 

The  seeds  tufted  with  silky  hairs  in  linear  4-sided,  4-valved  capsules  best  mark  this 
difficult  genus. 


CO  •  ONAGEACE2E.       (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FA3HLY.) 

4.     CBNOTHERA,     L. 

Calyx  tube  more  or  less  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  segments  reflexed.  Petals  4;  in 
our  species  yellow.  Stamens  8,  equal,  or  those  opposite  to  the  petals  shorter.  Style 
filiform;  stigma  4-lobed  or  capitate.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

*  Acaulescent.     Calyx-tube  filiform  above  the  under-ground  ovary. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate CB.     ovata.     1 

Leaves  linear CE.     graciliflora.     2 

*  *  Caulescent.     Calyx-tube  obconic;  capsule  sessile,  linear. 

Leaves  thick;  flowers  small;  capsule  thick CB.     cueirantaifolia.  3 

Flowers  large;  petals  with  a  spot  at  the  base CB.    bistorta.  4 

Flowers  small;  capsule  contorted CS.     micrantha.  5 

Slender,  leafy  annuals;  leaves  linear;  flowers  small;  capsule  narrowly  linear. 

Flowers  rarely  reddening CD.     dentata.     6 

Flowers  usually  reddening CS.     stri^ulosa.     7 

1.  CB.     ovata,  Nutt.     The  radical  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long;  calyx-tube  scape-like, 
1  to  4  inches  long.  — y  - 

2.  CB.    graciliflora,  Hook  &  Arn.     Canescently  villous;   calyx-tube  equaling  the 
leaves,  6  to  18  lines  long;  petals  obcordate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  smaller  than  the  last. 

3.  CB.     cheirantliifolia,  Horn.     Canescently  pubescent;  stems  decumbent  or  ascend- 
ing, 2  ft.  long  or  more;  leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  oblanceolate,  sometimes  broadly  ovate 
or  cordate,  \  to  2^  inches  long,  mostly  entire,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  often  clasp- 
ing; ovary  and  calyx  villous;  flowers  2  to  5  lines  in  diameter;  capsule  4  to  8  lines  long. 
Near  the  sea  on  drifting  sands. 

4.  CB.     bistorta,  Nutt.     Less  common  than  the  last;  distinguished  by  its  petals,  4 
to  6  lines  long,  usually  with  a  brown  spot. 

5.  CB.     micrantha,  Horn.     A  variable  species  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its 
flowers,  only  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter,  with  the  petals  sometimes  3-lobed;  and  by  the  con- 
torted slender  capsules,  8  to  18  lines  long. 

G.  CB.  dentata,  Cav.  A  span  high  or  less;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  denticulate,  G  to 
IS  lines  long;  petals  rounded,  2  to  4  lines  long;  capsule  slender,  attenuate,  an  inch  long 
or  more. 

7.  CB.  strigulosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Like  the  last;  the  capsule  obtuse,  scarcely  attenu- 
ate. More  common  than  the  last. 

CSaothera,  biennis,  L.,  the  Evening  Primrose  if  found,  may  be  known  by  its  tall, 
erect  stem  and  large  flowers. 


ONAGRACE.E.       (EVENING  PKIMEOSE   FAMILY.)  Cl 

5.     GODETIA,     Spach. 
Distinguished  from  GEJnothera  by  the  anthers  not  versatile,  and  flowers  not  yellow. 

*  Flowers  in  a  strict,  mostly  compact  spike;  capsule  ovate  to  oblong;  stems  leafy. 

Petals  deep  purple G.    purpurea.  1 

Petals  rose-colored  with  a  spot G.     lepida.  2 

Petals  bluish-purple,  3  to  5  lines  long G.     albescens.  3 

*  *  Flowers  in  usually  a  loose  spike  or  raceme,  mostly  nodding  in  the  bud;  capsule  linear; 

leaves  distant. 
4-  Capsule  sessile;    stigma-lobes  purplish. 

Ovary  and  capsule  short,  villous,  2-costate G.     quadrivulnera.  4 

Capsule  puberulent,  not  costate G.     tenella.  5 

4-  +-  Capsule  pedicellate,  not  costate,  stigma-lobes  mostly  yellow G.  amcsna.  G 

Small,  hispid G.     hispidula.  7 

Small,  petals  2-lobed G.     biloba.  8 

1.  G.     purpurea,  "Wat.     Mostly  very  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high,  puberulent,  the 
ovary  densely  villous;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  entire, 
sessile;  flowers  mostly  in  a  leafy  terminal  cluster;  petals  4  to  C  lines  long;  style  shorter 
than  the  stamens;  stigma-lobes  very  short,  purple;  capsule  6  to  9  lines  long,  not  costate. 

2.  G.     lepida,  Lindl.     Canescently  puberulent,  the  stem  usually  white  and  shining. 
Easily  distinguished  by  its  flowers;  the  rose-colored  petals  with  a  dark  spot  near  the  top 
9  to  12  lines  long. 

3.  G.     albescens,  Lindl.     Smaller  leaves  than  the  last,  and  much  smaller  almost 
blue  flowers.     Rare. 

4.  G.     quadiivulnera,  Spach.     Puberulent,  ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less  villous; 
stems  usually  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile  or 
attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate,  an  inch  or  more  long;  petals 
deep-purple  or  purplish,  3  to  6  lines  long;  stigma-lobes  short,  purple. 

5.  G.     tenella,  Wat.     Chiefly  distinguished  from  the  last  by  the  capsule,  which  is 
8  to  14  lines  long,  with  nearly  flat  sides. 

G.  G.  amcena,  Lilja.  Petals  and  purple  anthers,  frequently  rather  villous,  varying 
from  nearly  white  to  rose-color,  with  more  or  less  of  purple,  8  to  15  lines  long;  capsule 
attenuate  at  each  end. 

7.  G.     hispidula,  Wat.     Is  about  a  span  high,  often  but  1-flowered;  leaves  narrowly 
linear;  purple  petals,  C  to  12  lines  long. 

8.  G.    biloba,  Wat.     Petals  2-lobed.     Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

6.     CLARKIA,    Pursh. 
Petals  4,  with  claws,  entire,  purple.     Stamens  8.     Stigma  with  4,  at  length  spreading, 


G2  LOASACEJE.     (MENTZELIA  FAMILY.) 

aoraetimes  unequal  lobes.     Capsule  linear,  4-angled.      Annuals,  with  erect  brittle  stems 
and  alternate  leaves  on  short  petioles. 

1.  C.     elegans,  Dougl.     Stems  from  6  inches  to  6  feet  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to 
linear,  repandly  toothed;  petals  rhomboidal;     stigma-lobes  equal;  capsule  nearly  sessile. 

2.  C.     rliomboidea,    Dougl.      Is  smaller;    leaves  petioled;    claws  of    the    petals 
toothed;  capsule  short,  pediceled. 

7.    EUCHARIDIUM,    Fisch.  &  Mey. 

Distinguished  from  Clarkia  by  the  filiform  calyx  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  and 
stamens  only  4. 

1.  E.  concinnum,  Tisch.  &  Mey.  Closely  resembles  Clarkia,  rliomboidea  in  habit 
and  foliage,  calyx-tube  an  inch  long;  petals  3-lobed.  Common. 

8.     BOISDUVALIA,  Spach. 

Petals  4,  obovate-cuniform,  sessile,  2-lobed,  purple  to  white.  Anthers  not  versatile.— 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  sessile;  the  small  flowers  in  leafy  spikes;  our  species  villous. 

1.  B.  densiflora,  Wat.     Canescent;   6  inches  to  2  ft.   high;    leaves  lanceolate  to 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  denticulate,  1  to  3  inches  long;  the  floral  leaves  usually  short 
and  broad ;  flowers  in  uuially  a  close  terminal  leafy  spike  or  numerous  short  lateral  spike- 
lets;  petals  3  to  6  lines  long. 

2.  B.  Torreyi,  Wat.     Rather  slender,  a  span  or  two  high;  leaves  4  to  9  lines  long; 
the  floral  leaves  scarcely  smaller;  flowers  very  small. 

9.  Circaea,  Pacifica,  Asch.  &  Magn.  In  moist  woods.  Distinguished  by  its  small 
indehiscent  pear-shaped  fruit  covered  with  bristles  and  thin  ovate  opposite  leaves. 


ORDER  25.     LOASACE^S. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough-barbed  hairs;  no  stipules, 
calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous. 

1.     MENTZBLIA,  L. 

Calyx  cylindrical  to  ovoid;  the  persistent  limb  5-toothed.  Petals  5  or  10.  Stamens 
numerous,  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  free  or  in  clus- 
ters opposite  the  petals,  filiform  or  the  outer  petaloid.  Style  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often 
twisted. — The  leaves  are  alternate,  mostly  coarsely-toothed  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  white 
to  yellow  or  orange.  (See  ADDEXDA.) 

1.  M.  albicaulis,  Dougl.  Slender,  6  to  12  inches  high  or  more;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, pinnatifid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes,  the  upper  leaves  broader  and  often  lobed 


CORNACE.E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  63 

at  the  base  only;  flowers  near  the  ends  of  the  branches;  petals  5,  spatulate  or  obovate  2 
to  3  lines  long;  capsule  6  to  9  lines  long. 

2.  M.  gracilenta,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  similar  to  the  last;  petals  obovate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  an  inch  long;  capsule  12  to  15  lines  long. 

3.  M.  Isevicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Stout  2  or  3  ft.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  2  to  8  inches 
long;  flowers  sessile  on  short  branches,  very  large,  light  yellow;  petals  acute,  2  to  2^ 
inches  long. 

ORDER  CUCTJRBITACE-aB  is  represented  by  Megarrliiza  Marah,  Wat.  (Bio- 
ROOT).  The  cucumber- like  vines,  often  10  or  even  30  ft.  long;  the  sterile  flowers  white 
in  racemes  4  to  12  inches  long;  the  fruit  ovate  oblong,  more  or  less  covered  with  weak 
spines  inclosing  several  nut-like  seeds.  M.  Californica,  Torr.,  has  stiffer  spines  on 
smaller  fruit;  the  fertile  flowers  without  abortive  stamens. 

ORDER  FICOIDE.S!  is  represented  by  Mesembryanthemum  asquilaterale,  Haw., 
a  very  fleshy  herb,  with  opposite  three  sided  leaves  1  to  3  inches  long  and  solitary  red 
flowers;  the  petals  numerous,  linear.  On  the  sea  shore  Mollugo  verticellata,  L.,  will 
scarcely  be  noticed. 

ORDER  2G.     UMBELLIFERJE. 

Herbs  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  stamens  and  petals  5,  borne  on  a  2-celled  ovary 
which  in  fruit  splits  into  a  pair  of  dry  usually  flat  indehiscent  carpels.  Since  the  generic 
distinctions  depend  upon  characters  of  fruit  and  seed  difficult  of  determination,  the  plants 
of  this  order  are  not  here  described. 

ORDER  ARALIACEJE  is  represented  by  Aralia  Californica,  Wat.  (SPIKENARD.) 
Grows  in  woods,  along  streams.  Herbaceous  stems,  8  to  10  ft.  high;  the  white  flowers 
in  panicles  a  foot  or  two  long  and  more. 


ORDER  27.     CORJNTACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  entire  mainly  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  flowers  in  cymes,  capitate  clusters  or  spikes;  the  petals  and  stamens  4,  epigynous; 
calyx  adnate  to  the  1-2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  drupe  or  berry. 

1.     CORNTTS,    L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong  or  ovate.  Stamens  4, 
with  slender  filaments.  Style  slender;  stigma  capitate  or  truncate.  Fruit  ovoid  or 
oblong. 

*  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  dose  head,  surrounded  l>y  an  involucre,  of  4  to  6  large,  white,  petal- 
like  bracts. 

1.     C.     Nuttallii,   Audubon.     Usually  a  small  tree;  the  involucre  of  yellowish  or 


G4  CAPEIFOLIACE2E.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.) 

white,  often  reddish  bracts,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  abruptly  acute.    Fruit  a  large  cluster  of 
crimson  berries. 

2.  C.     Canadensis,  L.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  3  to  8  inches  high;  leaves  in  a 
whorl  of  6  at  the  top,  and  a  pair  below;  the  4  bracts  4  to  8  lines  long. 

*  *  Flowers  white  or  cream  colored,  cymose,  not  involucrate. 

3.  C.     Californica,  C.  A.  Meyer.     A  shrub,  6  to  15  ft.  high,  with  smooth,  purplish 
branches;   leaves  ovate  acute,  obtuse  at  the  base,  2  to  4  inches  long,  lighter  colored 
beneath,  with  loose,  silky  hairs;  flowers  in  small,  dense,  round-topped  cymes. 

4.  C.     glabrata,  Benth.     Bark  gray;  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  ovate,  acute  at  each 
end,  alike  green  on  both  sides;  flowers  in  open,  flat  cymes. 

GARRY  A  ELLIPTIC  A,  Dougl.  and  G.  Fremontii,  Torr.,  dioecious  shrubs,  belong  here.  The  ever- 
green coriaceous  leaves  are  opposite  on  the  4-angled  branchlets,  the  short  petioles  connate;  the  ap,  ta- 
Iocs  flowers  in  axillary  amenta.  Leaves  of  the  former  elliptical,  undulate  margins;  the  staininate 
ainents  long;  leaves  of  the  latter  ovate  to  oblong,  not  undulate,  lighter  green. 


DIVISION  2.     GAMOPETAL^E. 

OKDEB  28.     CAPEIFOLIACEJS. 

In  our  species  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  adherent  to  the 
2  -5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  rotate  or  tubular  corolla. 
Corolla  rotate,  regularly  5-lobed;  white  ..............................  ,  Sambucus.     1 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4-5-lobed,  pinkish  ................  Symphoricarpus.     2 

Corolla  tubular,  irregular  .............................................  Lonicera.     3 

1.     SAMBUCUS,     Tourn.        ELDER. 

Calyx  teeth  corolla  lobes  and  stamens  5.  Stigmas  3  to  5.  Berries  really  drupes.  - 
Shrubs  whose  rank  shoots  are  filled  with  a  pith,  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Leaves 
pinnately  5-11-foliolate.  Flowers  small,  in  large  compound  cymes. 

1.  S.     glauca,     Nutt.      Cyme  flat,   5-parted;    fruit  black,    with  a  white  bloom. 

2.  S.     racemosa,  L.     Cyme  ovate  or  pear-shaped;  fruit  bright  red.     Hare. 


2.     SYMPHORICARPUS,  Dill. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  occasionally  4-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  nearly  or  quite  regular, 
from  open  campanulate  to  salver-form,  5-4-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  inserted  on  its  throat.  Fruit  globular,  white.  —  Low  shrubs,  with  oval  or  ob- 


(MADDER  FAMILY.)  65 

long  leaves,  mostly  entire;  and  2-bracteoLv*«  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters; 
rarely  solitary. 

1.  S.  racemosus,  Mich.     Erect,  smooth;  corolla  very  villous  within. 

2.  S.   niollis,    Nutt.     Low,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  softly  pubescent;  leaves  small; 
Corolla  slightly  villous. 

2.    LONICERA,  L.        HONEYSUCKLE. 

Corolla  tubular,  the  tube  commonly  gibbous  at  the  base  and  irregularly  lobed.  Stamens 
5  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Style  filiform;  stigma  capitate. 

1.  L.  hispidula,  Dougl.     Stems  disposed  to  twine;  leaves  mostly  oval,  the  lower 
short  petioled,  the  upper  pairs  commonly  connate;  foliaceous  stipule-like  appendages 
between  the  leaves  common;  flowers  sessile  in  a  terminal  head,  pink  or  yellowish;  berries 
red  or  orange.     Variable. 

2.  L.  iavolucrata,  Banks.     An  erect  shrub,  4  to  10  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  short-petioled ;  flowers  a  pair  on  axillary  peduncles;  below  them  a 
conspicuous  involucre  of  4  bracts,  tinged  with  red  or  yellow;  berries  purple-black. 


ORDER  29.     RUBIACEJE. 

Known  by  having  opposite  entire  leaves  with  intervening  stipules,  or  whorled  leaves 
without  stipules,  along  with  an  inferior  ovary  and  regular  4-5-merous  flowers;  the  teeth 
of  the  calyx  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
borne  on  its  tube,  distinct. 

1.     CEPHALANTHUS,  L.        BUTTON-BUSH. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  spherical  head.  Calyx  inversely  pyramidal,  4-5-toothed.  Corolla 
with  a  long,  slender  tube  and  a  small  4-cleft  limb.  Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the 
corolla,  short.  Style  very  long  and  slender. — Shrub  with  opposite  leaves  and  stipules, 
or  in  whorls  of  3  or  4.  Peduncles  axillary;  flowers  white. 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  3  to  5  inches  long;  flower  heads 
an  inch  in  diameter. 

2.     GALXUM,    L.         CLEAVERS. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted.  Styles  2. 
Ovary  2-lobed.  Frait  twin,  biglobular.  Herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with 
square  stems,  whorled  leaves  and  minute  flowers. 

Leaves  in  fours,  hispid,  ovate G.     Californicum.     1 

Leaves  in  fours  and  pairs,  smooth G.     Nuttallii.     2 

Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  eight G.     Aparino,     3 


C6  COMPOSITE.     (ASTER  FAMILY.) 

Leaves  in  fives  and  sixes;  fruit  hairy G.     triflorum.     4 

Leaves  4,  5  or  6  in  a  whorl;  flowers  white G.     triiidum.     5 

Leaves  in  fours,  3-nerved,  lanceolate G.     boreale.     9 

1.  G.     Californicum,    Hook  and  Arn.     Low,  branching;  sterile  flowers  terminal,  in 
threes,  corolla  yellowish;  fertile  ones  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit;   fruit  purple. 

2.  G.     Nuttallii,    Gr.     Leaves  2  to  5  lines  long,  thickish,  varying  from  ovate-oblong 
to  linear-lanceolate,  margins  ciliate;  flowers  solitary. 

3.  G.    Aparine,    L.     The  margins  midrib,  and  angles  of  the  branches  armed  with 
spinulose  bristles;  peduncles  1-2-flowered;  fruit  large,  white.  (?) 

4.  G.     triflorum,    Michx.     Bright  green,  nearly  smooth;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  the  margins  and  midrib  often  beset  with  hooked  bristles;  peduncles 
once  or  twice  3-forked;  with  hooked  bristles. 

5.  G.     trifidum,  L.     Nearly  smooth,  except  the  roughened  angles  of  the  slender 
B terns;  leaves  3  to  9  lines  long;  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  often  only  three;  fruit  smooth. 

C.  G.    boreale,  L.     Cymes  many  flowered,  in  a  thyrsiform  panicle. 


ORDER  30.     VALERIANACEJK 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules;  the  distinct  stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  and  borne  on  its  tube;  the  inferior  ovary  with  two  empty  cells,  and  one  con- 
taining a  solitary  ovule,  ripening  into  a  kind  of  akene. 

1.     PLECTRITIS,   (Lindl.)  DC. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Tube  of  the  corolla  very  gibbous,  spurred  at  the  base; 
the  short  limb  bilabiate;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  3-cleft.  Fruit  winged  by  the  open 
sterile  cells.  Flowers  white,  small. 

1.  P.     congesta,  DC.     Corolla  about  3  lines  long;  its  spur  much  shorter  than  the 
tube. 

2.  P.     macrocera,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Corolla  smaller;  its  thick  spur  about  the  length  of 
the  body. 

ORDER  31.     COMPOSITE. 

Flowers,  usually  many  in  a  dense  head,  sessile,  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded 
by  a  calyx-like  involucre;  the  calyx  reduced  to  hairs  or  scales,  or  obsolete;  the  corolla 
tubular,  equally  lobed,  ligulate  or  bilabiate,  the  5  stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a 
tube  inclosing  the  2-parted  style;  the  ovary  inferior  forming  in  fruit  an  akene  which  is 
usually  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  (pappus). 

This  the  largest  of  all  the  orders,  is  represented  in  California  by  over  500  species,  140 


CAMPANULACE.E.       (BELLFLOWEK   FAMILY.)  G7 

of  which  grow  within  the  limits  of  this  Flora.  Although  the  flower  heads  are  frequently 
large,  the  separate  flowers,  with  but  few  exceptions,  are  too  small  to  be  examined  with- 
out the  aid  of  a  microscope  skillfully  used.  The  order  is,  therefore,  far  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner. 

ORDER  LOBELIACEJ3.  Downinqia  elegans,  Torr.,  and  D.  puldtdla,  Torr.,  are  two  beautiful  plants 
(the  flowers  resembling  the  cultivated  Lobelias)  sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  Clintonia,  which 
properly  belongs  to  an  endogenous  herb.  The  former  has  light  blue  flowers;  the  latter,  deep  azure- 
blue;  both  with  white  or  yellowish  centers.  May  be  found  in  wet  places. 


ORDER  32.     CAMPANULACEJE. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and  regular  flowers,  having  the  calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  distinct  stamens  (5,  rarely  4)  inserted  with  the  corolla,  alternate 
with  its  lobes. — Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  with  introse  anthers,  opening  in  the  bud. 
Style  single,  its  upper  portion  beset  with  hairs  which  collect  the  pollen,  its  summit  2-5- 

lobed  or  cleft. 

*  Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  narrow. 

Capsule  opening  at  the  top;  calyx-lobes  long Githopsis.     1 

Capsule  opening  by  2  or  3  holes  on  the  sides Specularia.     2 

*  *  Ovary  and  capsule  short  and  broad,  or  globular. 

Capsule  bursting  indefinitely;  calyx-lobes  broad Heterocodon.     3 

Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  3  to  5  holes;  calyx-lobes  narrow Campanula.     4 

1.    GITHOPSIS,    Nutt. 

Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx  with  a  clavate  10-ribbed  tube,  and  5  long  and  narrow  folia- 
ceous  lobes.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  5-lobed.  Filaments  short,  dilated  at  the  base. 
Ovary  3-celled;  stigmas  3.  Capsule  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  rigid  calyx-lobes 
of  its  own  length  or  longer,  opening  between  them  by  a  round  hole. 

1.  G.  specularioides,  Nutt.  An  inch  to  a  span  high;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or 
linear,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed;  flowers  erect,  deep  blue,  usually  with  a  white  center; 
the  ovate  lobes  of  the  corolla  about  equaling  the  rigid  calyx-lobes. 

2.    SPECULARIA.  Heister. 

Flowers  in  our  species  of  two  kinds;  the  lower  and  earlier  usually  with  no  corolla, 
Calyx-tube  prismatic  or  elongated-obconical ;  the  lobes  5,  narrow:  Corolla  short  and 
broad,  rotate  when  fully  expanded,  5-lobed.  Stigmas  3  or  2.  Capsule  opening  by  round 
holes  on  the  sides. 

1.  S.  biflora,  Gr.  Stems  slender;  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  crenately  toothed,  the 
upper  reduced  to  lanceolate  bracts;  flowers  1,  rarely  2,  in  each  axil,  nearly  sessile;  the 


C8  ERICACE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

lower  mostly  apetalous,  with  3  or  4  short  calyx-lobes;  the  upper  with  5  longer  calyx- 
lobes,  which  are  shorter  than  the  blue  or  purple  corolla.  Capsule  with  openings  near 
the  top. 

2.     S.     psrfoliata,   A.  DC.     Stouter,  with  clasping  cordate  leaves, 

8     HETEROCQDON,    Nutt. 

Flowers  of  two  sorts.  Stamens  and  styles  as  in  Campanula.  Capsule  3-angled. 
Otherwise  sufficiently  characterized  in  the  synopsis. 

1.  H.  rariflorum,  Nutt.  A  delicate  annual,  with  leafy  filiform  stems,  diffusely 
branching;  the  thin  leaves  clasping  by  cordate  bases,  coarsely  toothed.  Corolla  blue. 

4.     CAMPANULA.    Tourn.     BELLFLOWER. 

Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx-lobes  narrow.  Corolla  campanulate  or  near  it,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base.  Capsule  3-5-celled,  opening  on  the  bides  or 
near  the  base  by  3  to  5  small  uplifting  valves  leaving  round  holes. 

1.  C.  prenanthoides,  Dur.  A  foot  or  two  high;  stems  several-flowered;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  sessile,  or  the  lower  short-petioled;  lobes  of 
the  blue  corolla  narrowly  lanceolate,  widely  spreading;  style  long  exserted;  capsule 
5-ribbed. 


ORDER  33.     ERICACE23. 

Woody  plants  or  perennial  herbs,  with  symmetrical  and  mostly  regular  flowers;  the 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  with 
but  rarely  upon  it;  the  anthers  2-celled,  and  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore;  the 
ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  or  calyx;  the  seeds  small.  Corolla 
generally  gamopetalous,  sometimes  of  distinct  petals,  the  insertion  and  that  of  the  sta- 
mens hypogynous,  or  when  the  calyx  is  adnate  epigynous  around  an  annular  disk.  Style 
single.  Leaves  simple. 

SUB-ORDER   1.     VACCINHLZB. 

Shrubs.      Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior.     Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with 

the  vestiges  of  the  calyx-teeth Vacciniusx     1 

SUB-ORDER  2.     ERICINEZ3. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Calyx  free.  Corolla  gamopetalous  (in  our  own  species).  Stamens 
hypogynous.  Anthers  introse  in  the  bud. 


ERICACE2E.       (HEATH  FAMILY.)  G9 

*  Fruit  a   lerry,    or  berry-like  drupe;   corolla-tube  inflated    or    urn-shaped,  5-toothed. 

Evergreen. 

Tree;  ovary  5-celled;  berry  many-seeded Arbutus. 

Shrub;  ovary  5-10-celled;  drupe  few-seeded Arctostaphylos.     3 

Shrub;  low;  berry  purple-black Gaultheria.     4 

*  *  Fruit  a  naked  capsule;  corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  large,  5-loled. 
Shrubs,  with  showy  flowers Rhododendron.     5 

SUB-ORDER    3.     FYROLEJ3. 

Calyx  free.  Corolla  of  5  (rarely  4)  separate  petals.  Anthers  extrose  in  the  bud,  the 
pores  downward;  iutrose  (by  bending  downward  on  the  end  of  the  filament)  in  the  open 
flower,  the  pores  upward. 

Stem  woody,  leaves  whorled. Cliimaphila.     6 

Flowers  on  a  scape Pyrola.     7 

SUB-ORDER  4.     MONOTROPE.2I. 

Root-parasitic,  scaly-bracted  herbs,  wholly  destitute  of  green  foliage. 
Flowers  racemose,  corolla  globular-ovate Fterospora.     8 

1.    VACCINXUM,     L.     BLUEBERRY,  BILBERRY,  ETC. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  various.  Stamens  8  to  10; 
the  anthers  with  the  two  cells  separate,  tapering  upward  into  a  tube  opening  at  the  top. 
Style  long. 

1.  V.  ovatum,  Pursh.  (CALIFORNIA  HUCKLEBERRY).  Shrub,  erect,  3  to  5  ft  high; 
evergreen;  leaves  thick,  shining,  ovate,  acute,  serrate;  flowers  with  the  parts  in  fives, 
stamens  10;  corolla  carnpanulate,  pink;  berries  purple-black. 

2.    ARBUTUS,    Tourn.     MADRONO. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed;  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included; 
anthers  flattened,  furnished  with  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns.  Style  rather  long;  berry 
with  a  rough  surface. 

1.  A.  Menziesii,  Pursh.  A  handsome  tree,  with  smooth  bark  turning  brownish- 
red,  which  exfoliates  except  on  the  trunks  of  the  larger  trees;  corolla  white;  berries 
deep  orange. 

3.     ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  Adan.     MANZANITA. 

Flowers  like  those  of  Arbutus  (but  occasionally  4-merous  and  8-androus),  except  that 
the  5  to  10  cells  of  the  ovary  contain  each  a  single  ovule,  and  the  berry-like  fruit  has  5 


70  ERICACE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

to  10  bony  seeds. — The  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  the  bark  smooth, 

exfoliating. 

*  Ovary  and  depressed-globose  fruit  more  or  less  pubescent;  branchlets  often  hispid. 

1.  A.     Andersonii,  Gr.      Erect,  6  or  10  ft.  high;  branchlets  minutely  tomentose, 
hispid  with  long,  white,  bristly  hairs;  leaves  thin-coriaceous,  green,  lanceolate-oblong  or 
ovate  lanceolate,  with  a  strongly  sagittate-cordate  base,   sessile  or  nearly  eo,  mostly 
epinulose-serrulate;  fruit  nearly  or  quite  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  viscid  bristles. 

2.  A.  tomentosa,  Dougl.    Leaves  thick  and  very  rigid -coriaceous,  varying  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  and  even  cordate,  entire  or  rarely  serrulate,  usually  becoming  verti- 
cal, smaller  than  the  last;  flowers  in  very  short  clustered  racemes;  fruit  not  viscid. 

*  *  Ovary  glabrous;  no  hispid  hairs  on  the  branches  and  petioles. 

3.  A.     punnla,  Nutt.     Erect,  dwarf,  less  than  a  foot  high,  tufted;  leaves  broadest 
near  the  apex,  less  than  an  inch  long. 

4.  A.     puugens,  HBK.     Leaves  commonly  becoming  vertical  by  a  twist  of  the  dis- 
tinct or  pretty  long  petiole,  very  rigid,  often  glaucous  or  pale,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth, 
varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval;  flowers  on  smooth  pedicels;   filaments  ciiiate, 
bearded;  fruit  yellowish,  turning  dull  red.     Very  variable. 

A.  GLAUCA,  Lindl.,  if  found,  may  be  recognized  by  its  large  fruit,  -with  the  seeds  consolidated 
into  one  woody  stone,  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  A.  bicolor,  Gr.,  is  smaller  and  has  small  apparently 
one-seeded  berries. 

4.     GAULTHBRIA,  L.     WINTERGREEN.     SALAL. 

Calyx  5- cleft,  generally  colored  like  the  corolla.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10 
included,  similar  to  those  of  Arbutus.  Capsule  5-lobed,  5-celled,  many-seeded,  inclosed 
in  the  calyx,  which  enlarges  and  makes  a  juicy  berry -like  fruit. 

1.  G.  Shallon,  Pursh.  Shrubby,  stems  ascending  a  foot  or  two  in  height;  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  finely  serrate,  shining;  flowers  white  or  rose- 
colored,  in  glandular-viscid  racemes. 

5.    RHODODENDRON,  L. 

Calyx  very  small.  Corolla  often  slightly  irregular.  Stamens  5  to  10;  filaments  fili- 
form. Style  long,  commonly  declined  or  incurved.  Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves, 
usually  crowded  on  the  flowering  branchlets;  the  showy  flowers  in.  terminal  umbels  or 
corymbs  from  ample  scaly  buds. 

1.  R.  oocidentale,  Gr.  (AZALEA.)  A  deciduous  shrub,  2  to  C  ft.  high;  leaves 
obovate-oblong,  bright  green  and  shining  above;  corolla  minutely  viscid-pubescent  out- 
side, white,  the  upper  lobe  yellowish  inside;  the  narrow  funnel-form  tube  equaling  the 
deeply  5-cleft  slightly  irregular  limb;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  curved. — The 
showy  fragrant  flowers  are  sometimes  nearly  three  inches  long;  rarely  pinkish. 

R.  CALIFOENICUM,  Hook.,  is  a  larger  evergreen  shrub,  with  large  bell-shaped  rose-purple  flowers1 
a  true  Rhododendron, probably  no* found  south  of  Mendocino  County. 


PLUMBAGINACE.E.      (LEADWORT  FAMILY.)  71 

6.     CHIMAPHILA,  Pursli.     PIPSISSEWA. 

Corolla  of  rotately  spreading,  orbicular  and  concave  petals.  Stamens  10.  Style  very 
short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the  depressed  ovary;  stigma  broad,  its  border 
somewhat  5-crenate. 

C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  A  nearly  herbaceous  evergreen,  6  to  18  inches  high;  the  usually 
whorled  leaves  oblanceolate,  bright  green;  peduncle  bearing  3  to  7  white  or  flesh-colored, 
waxy  flowers. — Mt.  St.  Helena,  Miss  E.  Swett. 

7.     FYROLA,  Tourn. 

Corolla  of  5  concave  and  converging  petals.  Stamens  as  in  ChimapJiila.  Style  gen- 
erally long;  stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed. — Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  broad 
and  petioled  leaves,  close  to  the  ground,  and  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape  bearing  a 
simple  raceme  of  white,  greenish  or  rose-colored,  nodding  flowers. 

1.  P     rotundifolia,    L.     Leaves  orbicular,  varying  to  round-obovate  or  round-reni- 
form,  on  slender,  naked  petioles;  scape  6  to  14  inches  high;  probably  our  plants  are  of  the 
Var.     bracteata,  Gr.     A  large  form,  with  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long;  scape  often  over  a 
foot  high. 

2.  P.  picta,  Smith.     Leaves  thick,  coriaceous;  pale,  sometimes  purplish  below;  com- 
monly blotched  with  white,  ovate  to  obovate  and  lanceolate-oblong,  on  short  petioles,  1 
to  2  inches  long;  smaller  than  the  last. 

8.     PTBROSPORA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  short,  persistent.  Corolla  withering-persistent,  globular-ovate, 
with  contracted  mouth;  the  5  very  short  lobes,  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included,  short; 
stigma  5-lobed. 

1.  P.  andromedea,  Nutt.  A  stout,  purplish -brown  or  chestnut-colored  and 
clammy-pubescent  herb,  1  to  3  ft.  high;  raceme  long,  many-flowered;  corolla  white,  3 
lines  long. 

BARCODES  SANGUINEA,  Torr.    The  SNOW  PLANT  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  belongs  here. 


ORDER   34.     PLUMBAGINACE.S]. 

Chiefly  maritime  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  the  parts  in  fives;  the  stamens  opposite 
the  petals.  Calyx  tubular  or  funnel-form,  5-plaited,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  in 
our  genera  with  the  long-clawed  petals  scarcely  united.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  petals. 

Flowers  in  a  globose  head  on  a  simple  scape Armeria.     1 

Flowers  on  a  branching  scape Gtatice.     2 


7-2  PRIMULACE.E.       (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.     ARIv^ERIA,  Willd.     THRIFT. 

Calyx  scarions,  funnel-form.  Styles  5,  filiform.  Stemless  perennials,  with  linear 
grass-like  leaves  in  close  tufts,  the  naked  scape  bearing  a  head  of  rose-colored  flowers. 

1.  A.  vulgaris,  Willd.  Scapes  a  foot  or  two  high.  On  sandy  hills  along  the 
coast. 

2.     STATICS,  L.     MARSH-ROSEMARY. 

Flowers  in  small  spikes  or  clusters,  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  a  branching  scape; 
their  structure  nearly  as  in  Armeria.  Leaves  commonly  with  a  broad  blade,  tapering 
into  a  petiole. 

1.  G.  Limonium,  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong  ;  spikelets  2-3-flowercd.  Salt 
marshes. 


ORDER    35. 

Herbs,  with  perfect,  regular  flowers,  well  marked,  by  having  the  stamens  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  opposite  to  them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  entire  style 
and  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary,  and  capsular  fruit.  Calyx  4-S-cleft,  commonly  5-cleft, 
hypogynous.  —  Leaves  simple;  stipules  none.  In  Glaux  the  corolla  is  wanting;  stamens 
on  the  calyx  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

*  Flowers  umbellate  on  a  naked  scape. 

Corolla  deeply  4-5-parted,  the  lobes  reflexed  .......................  Dodecatheon.     1 

*  *  Flowers  axillary,  on  leafy  stems. 

Corolla  5-9-parted,  rotate  ............................................  Trientalis.     2 

Corolla  5-parted;  prostrate  stems  .........  ,  ......................  ......  Anagallis.     3 

Corolla  wanting;  calyx  colored  ..........................................  Glaus.     4 

I.  DODECATHEON.  L. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  reflexed  in  the  flower,  afterwards  erect  over  the 
ovate  or  oblong  capsule.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  a  dilated,  thickened  throat  and 
an  abruptly  reflexed  4-5-parted  limb;  its  divisions  long  and  narrow,  entire.  Stamens 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  erect,  cohering  around  the  slender  exserted  style.  — 
Acaulescent  perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves.  Corolla  purple,  pink, 
or  rarely  white.  Frequently  the  parts  are  in  fours. 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed; 
scape  3  to  15  inches  high;  umbel,  2-20-flowered.  A  variable  species.  Ours  is  chiefly 
the 

Var.  brcvifolium,  with  leaves  round-obovate  or  spatulate,  less  than  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  long. 


ASCLEPIADACE2E.       (  MILKWEED  FAINTLY.)  73 

2.  TRIENTALIS,    L.      STAR-FLOWER. 

Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  about  7-parted.  Filaments  slender,  spreading. — Low 
and  glabrous  perennials,  with  simple  steins,  which  bear  a  whorl  of  leaves  at  the  summit, 
m  their  axils  slender  peduncles  supporting  star-shaped,  white  or  pinkish  flowers. 

1.  T.  Europasa,  L.,  Var.  latifolia,  Torr.  Stems  4  to  8  inches  high,  springing 
from  a  little  tuber. 

3.  ANAGALLIS,  Tourn.     PIMPERNEL. 

Divisions  of  the  rotate  5-parted  corolla  broad.  Capsule  globose. — Spreading,  prostrate 
herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the  peduncles,  sometimes  in 
threes;  flowers  scarlet,  purple,  or  nearly  salmon-colored,  rarely  blue. 

4.    GLAUX,  L.     SEA  MILKWORT. 

Cdyx  campanulate,  5-cleft;  the  lobes  ovate,  petal-like.  Filaments  rather  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  Style  filiform;  stigma  capitate. 

1.  G.  maritima,  L.  Low,  glabrous;  branching  stems  3  to  9  inches  high,  leafy  to 
the  top;  leaves  commonly  opposite,  fleshy,  oblong,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  minutely 
dotted;  flowers  axillary,  almost  sessile,  white  or  purplish. 

ORDER  OLBACE-ZE3  is  represented  by  Fraxinus  Oregana,  Nutt.,  the  OREGON  ASH. 

ORDER  APOCYNACS-ZE!  is  represented  by  Apocynum  cannabinum,  L.  (INDIAN 
HEMP.)  An  herb  with  milky  juice,  tough  bark,  opposite  entire  exstipulate leaves,  regular 
noweio,  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  five,  the  latter  borne  on  the  corolla  alternate  with 
its  lobes  and  conniving  around  the  stigma.  The  commonly  sessile,  oblong  leaves  often  3 
or  4  inches  long.  The  greenish- white  small  flowers  in  close  cymes.  A.  androscemifoliiLm, 
L.,  has  smaller  ovate  leaves,  conspicuously  petioled;  flowers  rose-colored. 


ORDER  36.     ASCLEPIADACE-ffil. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers,  with  the  parts  in  fives,  except 
that  there  are  two  carpels  with  distinct  ovaries  and  a  common  stigma  to  which  the  sta- 
mens are  attached;  the  latter  (in  our  genera)  with  hood-like  appendages.  Leaves  entire, 
generally  opposite,  sometimes  whorled.  Flowers  usually  in  simple  umbels.  Fruit  a 
pair  of  follicles.  Seeds  almost  always  with  a  coma  of  silky  down. 

1.    ASCLEPIAS,  L.     MILKWEED. 

The  calyx  and  corolla  deeply  5-parted;  the  small  divisions  reflexed;  filaments  short, 
crowned  behind  each  anther  with  a  conspicuous  hood  from  the  cavity  of  which 
rises  the  subulate  and  usually  falcate  hern;  anthers  with  thin  scarious  tips  inflexod 


74  GENTIANACE^:.       ( GENTIAN  FAMILY. ) 

over  the  truncate  summit  of  the  stigma,  their  wing-like  edges  meeting  and  projecting 
between  the  hoods;  pollen  in  10  wax-like  masses.  Follicles  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds 
numerous,  flat,  downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large,  soon  detached  placenta;  the 
upper  end  with  a  long  tuft  of  down  (coma). — Hoods  in  our  species  erect  and  not  exceed- 
ing the  stamens  and  stigma. 

1.  A.  fascicularis,  Decaisne.      Smooth,  slender,  1  to  5  ft.  high;  leaves  in  whorls  of 
3  to  5,  or  some  in  pairs,  linear  and  linear-lanceolate;  flowers  white  or  whitish;  horns 
longer  than  the  hoods. 

2.  A.  vestita,    Hook  &  Arn.     White-woolly;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  almost  sessile;  umbels  almost  sessile;  flowers  about  half  an  inch  long, 
the  hoods  flesh-colored. 

2.     GOMPHO CARPUS,  R.  Br. 
No  horn  to  the  hood  of  the  stamens;  otherwise  as  Asclepias. 

§  1.     Hoods  saccate,  pointless,  lower  than  the  anthers,  opening  down  the  back,  as  if  2-valved. 

1.  G.    tomentosus,  Gr.     White-tomentose,    closely  resembling  Asclepias   vistitia; 
stern  acutely  angled;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  (about  4  inches  long);  corolla  greenish-white 
or  purplish. 

2.  G.  purpurascens,  Gr.      Canescently  puberulent;   stems  4  to   12  inches  high; 
leaves  ovate  and  somewhat  cordate,  an  inch  or  two  long;  flowers  small;  the  corolla  red- 
purple;  the  hoods  white. 

§  2.     Hoods  erect,  open  down  the  front,  somewhat  surpassing  the  anthers. 

3.  G.  cordifolius,  Benth.    Green  and  smooth,  2  or  3  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  cordate  clasping  base,   opposite,  rarely  in  threes,  2  to  5  inches  long; 
flowers  large;  corolla  dark  red-purple;  the  hoods  purplish. 


ORDER  37.     GENTIANACEJE. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  colorless,  bitter  juice,  entire  opposite  and  sessile  leaves,  no  sti- 
pules, perfect  and  regular  flowers,  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube,  the  anthers  free  from  the  stigma;  ovary  1-celled;  style 
one  or  none;  the  stigmas  commonly  two.  Calyx  persistent. 

§  1.     Corolla  withering-persistent.     Leaves  opposite  or  tchorled,  entire,  sessile. 

Corolla  salver-form,  red;  calyx  5-parted Erythraea.  1 

Corolla  short,  salver-form,  yellow;  caylx  4-toothed Microcala.  2 

Corolla  funnel-form,  blue Gentiaiia,  3 

§  2.     Corolla  deciduous.  Leaves  alternate,  with  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  borne  on  a  naked  scape Menyanthes.     4 


POLEMOXIACE2E.       (GILIA  FAMILY.)  ^3 

1.  ERYTKR2SA,  Pers. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  slender;  anthers  oblong  or 
linear,  twisting  spirally  after  shedding  the  pollen.  Style  filiform;  stigma  wedge-shaped 
or  fan-like.  Capsule  oblong,  tapering  upward.— Corolla  occasionally  only  4-parted. 

1.  E.  trichantha,  Grise.  A  span  or  less  high,  branched;  lobes  of  the  rose-red  corolla 
lanceolate,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  tube  at  the  time  of  expansion,  3  or  4  lines  long; 
calyx-lobes  filiform,  3-angled. 

2.  E.     Muhlenbergii,  Grise.    Two  inches  to  a  span  high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves 
oblong,  half  an  inch  long;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval,  very  obtuse,  becoming  oblong, 

rose-red, 

2.  MICROCALA,  Link. 

Anthers  round-cordate.  Stigma  peltate-dilated,  at  length  separating  or  separable  into 
2  plates. 

1.  M.  quadrangularis,  Grise.  An  inch  or  two  high,  filiform,  simple  and  l«flowered, 
or  branched  at  the  base,  with  1  to  3  pairs  of  minute  oval  or  oblong  leaves;  peduncles 
naked,  square;  calyx  short,  square;  corolla  saffron-yellow. 

3.     GENTIANA,  L.     GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed  or  cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  often  with  plaited  and  toothed  folds  in 
the  sinuses.  Stamens  included;  anthers  sometimes  cohering.  Style  none  or  very  short; 
stigmas  2,  thin  and  flat. 

1.  G.  affinis,  Grise.,  var.  ovata,  Gr.  A  span  to  a  footer  two  high;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong;  flowers  mostly  5  or  more,  in  a  leafy  thyrsus;  corolla  blue,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length;  appendages  mostly  2-cleft  or  2-4- cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  round-ovate  lobes. 

4.     MENYANTHES,  Tourn.     BUCKBEAN. 

The  campanulate  corolla  densely  white-bearded  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lobes  with 
the  margins  turned  inward  in  the  bud. 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  L.  The  alternate  leaves  long  petioled,  3-foliolate;  scape  termi- 
nated by  a  short  raceme  of  white  or  pinkish  flowers;  anthers  dark-brown,  sagittate. — In 
shallow  water  or  on  wet  ground. 


ORDER  38.     POLEMONIACE^E. 

Chiefly  herbs  with  simple  or  divided  leaves,  and  no  stipules;  all  the  parts  of  the  regu- 
lar flower  five,  except  the  pistil,  which  has  a  3-celled  ovary  and  a  3-lobed  style.  Calyx 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  on  the  corolla 
alternate  with  its  lobes  distinct;  anthers  introse. — In  Gilia  the  cells  of  the  ovary  and  the 
stigmas  arc  occasionally  reduced  to  two. 


76  POLEMONIACE2S.       (&ILJA   FAMILY.) 

Leaves  various  but  never  simply  pinnate  with  entire  leaflets Gilia.     1 

Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  linear  to  ovate;  corolla  short Polemonium.     2 


1.     GILIA.     Ruiz  £  Pav. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  salver-form,  or  sometimes  short-campanulate  or  rotate,  regular. 
A  polymorphous  genus,  the  sections  having  almost  generic  differences. 

SERIES  I.     Stamens  attached  to  the  corolla  at  unequal  heights. 

Mostly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular;  all  but  some  of  the  lower  leaves  alternate;  sta- 
mens exserted.  §  Gollomia. 

.SEUIES  II.     Stamens  equally  inserted,  but  sometimes  with  unequal  filaments. 

*  All  of  the  leaves  opposite,  at  least  on  the  main  stems,  sessile  and  palmately  parted  or 

rarely  entire.     (Seeds  mucilaginous  in  water. } 

Corolla  from  short  funnel-form  to  almost  rotate;  the  lobes  obovate;  filaments  slender; 

anthers  oval.     Low  or  slender,  loosely  and  mostly  small  flowered  annuals;  the  leaves 

\vith  filiform  or  setaceous  divisions,  appearing  as  if  whorled.     In  ours,  the  flowers  on 

filiform  pedicels,  loosely  paniculate.  §  1.  Dactylophyllum. 

Corolla  salver-form,  but  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the  broad  cuneate-obovate 

lobes  slightly  crenulate,  strongly  convolute  in  the  bud;   stamens  inserted  low  on  the 

corolla  tube,  included;  erect,  smooth;  leaves  entire  or  3-5-divided.  §2.  Linanthus. 

Corolla  salver-form,  with  usually  a  filiform  elongated  tube,  and  the  throat  sometimes 

abruptly  dilated;  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat;   anthers  short.     Erect  annuals,  with 

leaves  as  in  the  last,  and  the  flowers  in  a  terminal  capitate  cluster.  §  3.  Leptosiphon. 

*  *  All  the,  leaves  alternate,  and  palmately  parted. 

Corolla  similar  to  §  3.  Stems  woody;  leaves  much  fascicled  in  the  axils,  3-7  parted, 
rigid;  flowers  sessile,  solitary  or  few  at  the  ends  of  short  branches.  §  4.  Leptodactijlon. 

*  *  *  All,  or  all  but  the  loivest  leaves  alternate  and  pinnately  compound,  deft  or  toothed, 

or  rarely  entire. 

Flowers  capitate-glomerate  or  densely  clustered,  leafy-bracted;  bracts  and  calyx-lobes 
often  laciniate,  rigid  acerose  or  spinulose-tipped.  Corolla  slender  tubular-funnelforrn, 
with  small  oblong  lobes;  cells  of  the  ovary  and  stigmas  sometimes  only  2.  Annuals, 
mostly  viscid-pubescent,  never  white-woolly,  with  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  their 
lobes  commonly  pungent;  the  bracts  sometimes  palmately  cleft.  §  5.  Navarreiia. 

Flowers,  inflorescence,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  §  5;  but  the  anthers  always  exserted;  corolla 
salver-form,  more  conspicuous;  plants  all  white-woolly,  not  viscid.  §  6.  Hucjelia. 

Flowers  capitate-glomerate,  or  panicled,  or  scattered,  usually  bractless;  corolla  (blue, 


POLEMONIACE2E.       (GUJA  FAMILY.)  77 

purple  or  violet)  from  funnel-form  to  campanulate  or  almost  rotate;  stamens  included  or 
not  surpassing  the  corolla  lobes;  leaves  most  pinnately  incised.  §  7.  Euqilia. 

§  Collomia.     [See  p.  138.] 
*  Leaves  simple,  sessile,  entire,  lower  ones  often  opposite. 

la.  G.  grandiflora,  Gr.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  linear  to  lance-ovate; 
calyx-lobes  broad  and  obtuse;  corolla  buff  or  salmon-color,  narrow-funnel-form,  an  inch 
long.  The  showy  flowers  are  in  leafy-bracted  heads. — Sonoma  County,  Lake  County, 
E.  Brooks.  Collomia  grandiflora,  Dougl.  of  4th  Ed. 

1&.  G.  gracilis,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  in  age  much  branched;  the  flowers  at 
length  somewhat  scattered;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oval  or  obolate, 
an  inch  or  less  long;  corolla  rose-purple,  turning  bluish,  less  than  half  an  inch  long, 
narrow.  Collomia  gracilis,  Dougl.  of  previous  editions. 

*  Leaves,  deeply  cleft  or  compound,  the  lower  petioled;  stems  loosely  branched. 

Ic.  G.  divaricata,  Nutt.  A  span  to  3  ft.  high;  lower  leaves  simply  pinnately  parted 
into  linear  lateral  lobes,  or  the  terminal  lobe  oblong  and  toothed,  upper  leaves  3-5- 
divided;  corolla  pink  or  purplish,  its  slender  tube  about  half  an  inch  long,  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  capsule  globular,  3-seeded.  Collomia  gilioides,  Benth. 

Id.  G.  Sessei,  Don.  A  span  or  two  liigh,  diffuse;  leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  or 
the  upper  pinnatifid,  and  the  lobes  incised  or  cleft;  the  upper  most  often  entire  and 
broader,  subtending  the  capitate-clustered  flowers;  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long; 
stamens  very  unequally  inserted.  Collomia  heterophylla,  Hook. 

§  1.     Dactylophyllum.     Benth. 

1.  G.   liniflora,  Benth.     From  a  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  high;  leaves  with  nearly 
filiform  divisions  an  inch  long;  corolla  white,  rotate,  when  fully  open,  10  to  6  lines  across, 
5-parted  down  to  the  very  short  tube. 

Var.  pharnaceoides,  Gr.,  is  similar  but  smaller;  the  (sometimes  pinkish)  corolla  half 
an  inch  across,  or  less. 

2.  G.   pusilla  Benth.     Small,  2  to  6  inches  high;  leaves  less  than  half  an  inch  long, 
shorter  than  the  scattered  pedicels;   corolla  nearly  white,   or  purplish  with  a  yellow 
throat,  1^  to  2  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Var.  Californica,  Gr.,  has  a  corolla  3  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the 
throat  often  brownish.  The  most  frequent  form. 

3.  G.    Bolanderi,  Gr.     Very  like  the  last,  but  the  tube  of  the  blue  or  purple  tinged 
corolla  longer  and  narrower  (3  or  4  lines  long). 

4.  G.    aurea,  Nutt.     Diffuse,  2  to  4  inches  high;  divisions  of  roughish  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  3  lines  long;  peduncles  shorter  or  but  little  longer  than  the  flowers;  corolla 
usually  yellow,  short,  funnel-form  half  an  inch  or  less  across;  the  roundish-obovate  lobes 
about  the  length  of  the  obconical  throat  and  the  short  proper  tube. 


78  POLEMONIACKE.       (GILIA  FAMILT.) 

Var.  decora,   Gr.     Corolla  white  or  pale  violet,  with  or  without  a  brown-purple 
throat;  peduncles  longer. 

§  2.  Linanthus,  Endl. 

5.  G.     dichotoma,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  remotely  leaved;  flowers  nearly 
sessile  in  the  forks,  or  terminating  the  branches;  calyx-tube  white  scarious;  the  teeth 
green;  corolla  white;  the  lobes  from  half  to  nearly  an  inch  long;  the  tube  sometimes 
purplish. 

§  3.     Leptosiphon,  Endl. 

6.  G.     densiflora,  Benth.    A  span  to  2  ft.  high;  leaves  in  somewhat  distant  apparent 
whorls;  tube  of  the  white  or  rose-purple  corolla  about  equaling  the  villous-hirsute  bracts 
and  calyx;  its  lobes  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  obovate. 

7.  G.     androsacea,  Steud.     Erect  or  spreading,  3  to  12  inches  high;  corolla  lilac, 
rose,  pink  or  almost  white,  with  a  yellow  or  dark  throat;  its  tube  about  an  inch  long. 

Var.  rosacea,  Gr.,  is  a  dwarf  tufted  form  with  many  rose-red  flowers. 

8.  G.     micrantha,  Steud.     Slender,  about  a  span  high;  tube  of  the  corolla  very 
slender,  9  to  18  lines  long;  the  lobes  2  or  3  lines  long,  from  yellow  to  cream  color  and  pale 
purple,  or  whitish. 

9.  G.     tenella,  Benth.     Low  and  mostly  depressed;  tube  of  the  corolla  6  to  9  lines 
long,  the  rose  colored  or    pink  lobes  barely  a  line  and  a  half  long,  the  throat  yellow; 
bracts  and  leaves  hispidulous-ciliate. 

10.  G.     ciliata,  Benth.     More  rigid  and  hirsute  than  the  preceding,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high;  tube  of  the  rose-colored  or  piirple,  or  in  age  whitish  corolla,  little  if  at  all  exserted 
beyond  the  very  hirsute  or  hispid-ciliate  bracts  and  subtending  leaves,  the  lobes  only  a 
line  and  a  half  long. 

§  4.     Leptodactylon,  Hook  &  Aim. 

11.  G.     Californica,  Benth.     Two  or  three  feet  high,  with  spreading  rigid  branches; 
corolla  rose-color  or  lilac,  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 

§  5.     Navarretia,  Gr. 
*  Stamens  included  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

12.  G.    •quarrosa,  Hook  &  Arn.     Rigid,  rather  stout,  becoming  much  branched, 
very  glandular- viscid,  fetid  with  the  odor  of  a  skunk;  upper  leaves  and  bracts  spinescent; 
corolla  blue,  4  or  5  lines  long. 

*  *  Stamens  more  or  less  exserted;  corolla  slender,  3  to  5  lines  long.  Leaves  twice  pinnati/id. 

13.  G.     cotulaefolia    Steud.     Rather  stout  and  rigid,  a  foot  or  much  less  in  height; 
villous  pubescent  and  minutely  glandular;  upper  bracts  spinescent;  tube  of  the  violet  or 
whitish  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  usually  1-seeded.     Exhales  the 
odor  of  Anthemis  cotula  (MAYWEED). 

14.  G.     intertexta,  Steud.   At  length  diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  high,  neither 


POLEMOXIACE.2E.       (GILIA  FAMILY.)  79 

viscid  nor  glandular;  stems  retrorsely  pubescent;  leaves  mainly  smooth,  scarcely  bipin- 
natifid;  base  of  the  bracts  and  tube  of  the  calyx  densely  white- villous;  corolla  white. 

15.  G.     leucocephala,  Gr.     A  span  high,  rather  slender,  loosely  branched,  smooth, 
except  a  little  woolliness  at  the  top;  leaves  soft;  bracts  hardly  pungent;  heads  dense; 
corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

*  *  *  Stamens  ex^erted;  leaves  only  once  pinnatifid,  rigid,  linear;  corolla,  violet  or  purple, 

barely  half  an  inch  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  pungent  calyx-lobes. 

16.  G.    viscidula,  Gr.     A  span  high  or  less,  at  length  much  branched,  viscid-pu- 
bescent; bracts  palmately  cleft. 

17.  G.     atiactyloides,  Steud.     Much  more  rigid  than  the  last;  leaves  broader,  the 
floral  ovate,  all  with  subulate  spiny  lobes;  few  flowered. 

§  6.     Hugelia,  Benth. 
*  Root  perennial;  sterns  woody  at  the  base. 

IS.  G,  densifolia,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high;  stems  leafy,  leaves  linear,  rigid,  the 
short  lobes  subulate;  flowers  numerous  in  a  compact  head;  corolla  over  half  an  inch 
long,  violet  blue,  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  3  lines  long;  anthers  sagittate. 

*  *  Hoot  annual,  stems  slender,  afoot  or  less  in  height;  leaves  and  tlieir  few  (if  any) 

divisions  filiform. 

19.  G.     virgata,  Steud.     Tube  of  the  blue  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx;  anthers 
sagittate. 

Var.  floribtmda,  Gr.  Low  and  rather  stout;  even  tbe  upper  leaves  pinnately3-7-parted; 
the  numerous  heads  and  flowers  as  large  as  G.  densifolia. 

§  7.     Eugilia,  Benth. 

*  Flowers  numerous  in  dense  head-like  clusters  on  long  naked  peduncles;  stems  erect;  stamens 

inserted  in  the  very  minuses  of  the  short  and  broad  corolla;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pin- 
nately  dissected  into  linear  divisions. 

20.  G.     capitata,  Dougl.     Mostly  smooth;  stem  slender,  loosely  branched  above,  a 
foot  or  two  high;  lobes  of  the  light  blue  (rarely  white)  corolla  narrowly  oblong,  2  lines 
long. 

21.  G.     achillesefolia,  Benth.     Stouter  and  lower  than  the  last,  often  glandular; 
the  capitate  clusters  and  flowers  larger;  calyx  woolly;  lobes  of  the  deeper  blue  corolla 
broad. 

*  Flowers  in  small,  rather  loose  clusters,  or  scattered  in  an  open  panicle. 

22.  G.    multicaulis,  Benth.    A  span  to  a  foot  high,  simple  in  early  plants,  loosely 
branched  in  later;  flowers  few  in  a  cluster  terminating  the  slender  naked  peduncles, 
almost  sessile;  the  violet  corolla  4  lines  long,  tube  shorter  than  the  viscid  calyx;  throat 
funnel-form;  capsule  ovoid. 


80  HYDROPHYLLACE^:.       (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.) 

•* 

Var.  tsnera,  Gr.,  is  a  depauperate  form;  frequently  the  peduncles  only  1 -flowered. 

23.  -G.   tricolor,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  in  age  diffusely  branched; 
flowers  few,  in  loose,  rather  short  peduncled  clusters;  corolla  with  a  very  short  proper 
tube  and  an  ample  campanulate  throat  which  is  pale  yellow  or  orange  below,  dark  pur- 
ple above;  the  lilac  or  violet  lobes  longer  than  the  stamens. 

24.  G.    inconspicua,  Dougl.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  somewhat  viscid  or  glandular; 
corolla  violet-purple  or  bluish,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  but  small,  the 
lobes  only  a  line  long.     It  passes  by  gradation  into 

Var.  sinuata,  Gr.,  with  the  tube  of  the  corolla  more  slender  and  exserted  and  the 
lobes  often  2  lines  long. 

2.    POLEMONIUM.     Tourn. 

Flowers  as  in  Gllia,  §  Euyilia,  but  the  corolla  short  and  broad,  the  stamens  somewhat 
declined,  the  filaments  hairy  appendagecl  at  the  base.  Calyx  herbaceous,  its  divisions 
and  those  of  the  pinnate  leaves  pointless. 

1.  P.  caeruleum,  L.  (GREEK  VALERIAN.  )  Smooth  or  viscid-pubescent,  2  or  3  ft. 
high,  leafy,  usually  bearing  numerous  flowers;  corolla  an  inch  or  more  across,  bright  blue 
varying  to  white;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  [See  bottom  of  p.  122.] 


ORDER  39.     HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 

Inflorescence  usually  scorpioid;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  5-androus,  the  two  styles  dis- 
tinct at  least  at  the  apex;  stigmas  terminal,  small,  capitate.  Only  in  Romanzofjia  are 
the  stigmas  as  well  as  the  styles  united.  Ovary  commonly  hispid  or  hirsute,  at  least  at 
the  top. — Mostly  herbs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

Tribe  1.  HYDROFHYLLE^J.  Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled.  Style  2-cleft. 
Corolla  almost  always  convolute  in  the  bud.  Herbs. 

Flowers  solitary  or  loosely  racemose. 

Calyx  with  reflexed  appendages Nemophila.    1 

Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses Ellisia.     2 

Tribe  2.     PHACELIE.S.     Ovary  1-2-celled.     Style  1-2-cleft.  Corolla  imbricated  in 
the  bud.     Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses.     Herbs. 

Corolla  not  yellow,  deciduous Phacelia.  3 

Corolla  yellow,  persistent Emmeuanthe,  4 

Style  and  stigma  entire Romanzoffia.  5 

Tribe  3.     NAME2S.     Ovary,  capsule,  dehiscence,  etc.,  nearly  of  Phaceliece.    Styles 

distinct  to  the  base,  stigmas  capitate. 
Lowshrubs..  Eriodictyon.    6 


HYDROPHYLLACE^E.   (WATERLEAE  FAMILY.)  81 

| 
1.     NEMOPHILA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  throat  appepdaged 
With  10  internal  plates  or  scales. — Tender  herbs  with  diffuse  and  procumbent  stems,  and 
pinnately  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  more  or  less  hirsute. 

*  Leaves  mostly  alternate;  stems  long  and  weak,  beset  with  stiff  reftexed  bristles. 

1.  N.     aurita,  Lindl.     Leaves  large,  with  auriculate  dilated  and  clasping  base  or 
winged  petiole  deeply  pinnatifid  into  5  to  9  retrorse  lobes;  corolla  violet,  5  to  12  lines  in 

diameter. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite  not  aurided  at  base. 

2.  N.     maculata,  Benth,     Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid  into  5  to  9  short  lobes,  or  the 
Uppermost  only  3-lobed;  corolla  white,  with  a  violet  spot  at  the  top  of  each  lobe,  over 
an  inch  across. 

3.  W.     insignis,  Dougl.     Leaves  similar  to  the  last;  corolla  bright  blue,  its  scales 
Bhort  and  roundish,  partly  free. 

4.  N.     Menziesii,  Hook  &  Arn.     Leaves  less  divided  than  the  last;  corolla  from 
light  blue  to  white  and  sprinkled  with  dots  toward  the  center,  its  scales  narrow  and  ad- 
herent by  one  edge. 

*  *  *  Upper  leaves  often  alternate,  mostly  longer  than  the  peduncles,  and  slender-petioled, 
many  only  3-5-lobed,  one-sided. 

5.  N.    parviflora,  Dougl.     Slender  and  weak;  corolla  2  to  5  lines  across,  light  blue 
or  white. 

2.     ELLISIA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  short  in  proportion  to  the  calyx;  scales  minute 
or  obsolete.  Stamens  and  style  not  exserted. 

1.  B,  chrysanthemifolia,  Benth.  Stem  1  or  2  ft.  high,  erect,  branched;  leaves  dis- 
sected into  very  many  small  and  short  divisions;  flowers,  small,  white;  capsule  remark- 
able, viz. :  the  mostly  four  ordinary  rough  seeds  enclosed  between  the  placentae,  while, 
between  each  placenta  and  the  valve  which  it  lines,  is  hidden  a  single  thin,  meniscoidal, 
smooth  seed. 

3.    PHACELIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  divisions  usually  narrow  and  similar;  corolla  from  almost 
rotate  to  narrow- funnelform;  commonly  with  appendages  upon  the  inside  of  the  tube  in 
the  form  of  10  vertical  plates,  approximate  in  pairs  between  the  bases  of  the  filaments, 
or  adnate  to  the  filaments,  one  on  each  side.  Stamens  equally  inserted  low  down  or  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla.  Herbs,  mostly  hirsute  or  hispid  and  branched  from  the  base; 
with  simple  or  compound  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite  and  more  or  less  scor- 
pioid  infloresence.  Corolla  never  yellow  except  in  the  throat.  Ovules  and  seeds  4  in  all 
except  the  last  species.  (See  ADDENDA.  ) 


82  EYDROPHYLLACE.E .       (WATEELEAF  FAMILY.) 

*  Leaves  simple  and  entire,  or  with  a  pair  or  two  of  similar  and  smaller  leaflets  or  lobes. 

1.  P.  circinata,  Jacq.  f.     A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high  from  a  stout  root,  hispid  and 
the  foliage  strigose,  either  green,  grayish  or  canescent,  with  a  soft  pubescence;  leaves 
from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  some  bearing  lateral 
leaflets;  inflorescence  in  dense  scorpioid  hispid  spikes,  crowded;  corolla  dull  or  bluish 
white;  filaments  much  exserted. — A  very  variable  species;  usually  many  stems  from  one 
root;  some  with  large  entire,  ovate  green  leaves  only. 

2.  P.     Breweri,  Gr.     Foliage  and  habit  similar  to  the  last,  but  smaller  and  more 
slender,  from  an  annual  root;  leaves  seldom  an  inch  long,  many  of  them  3-5-parted,  the 
lanceolate  lateral  lobes  ascending;  corolla  smaller  (scarcely  3  lines  long),  blue  or  violet; 
filaments  not  exserted. 

*  *  Leaves  simple,  rounded,  cordate,  lobed  and  serrate. 

3.  P.  malv^folia,  Cham.      Stout,  loosely  branching,   hispid  with  stinging  hairs; 
leaves  2  inches  or  more  in  diameter;  spikes  solitary,  or  in  pairs;  corolla  3  to  6  lines  long, 
dull  white  or  bluish;  stamens  much  exserted. 

*  Leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  compound,  oblong  in  general  outline. 
Calyx  Iristly  hispid,  its  lobes  not  rarely  unequal.  Annuals,  the  species  difficult  to  dis- 
criminate. 

4.  P.  tanacetifolia,   Benth.      Erect,   1  to  3  ft.  high,  roughish,  hirsute  or  hispid; 
leaves  9-17-divided  in  narrow  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  cleft  divisions,  all  sessile 
or  nearly  so;  the  scorpioid  spikes  clustered;  the  short  pedicels  erect  or  ascending;  corolla 
usually  of  a  dirty  mottled  white  or  bluish;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted;  calyx  lobes 
not  twice  the  length  of  the  capsule. 

5.  P.  ramosissima,  Dougl.     Straggling,  somewhat  viscid  above;  leaves  pinnately 
5-7-divided   or  parted  into  linear  pinnatifid-incised  divisions;  the  short  pedicels  soon 
horizontal;    stamens  and  style  moderately  exserted;   calyx  lobes  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  globular  capsule;  flowers  bluish. 

6.  P.  ciliata,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  rarely  divided  but  incised  or 
cleft  and  toothed;  spikes  simple  or  in  pairs;  stamens  usually  not  surpassing  the  open 
corolla;  calyx  lobes  ciliate  with  glandular  bristles;  corolla  blue. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  entire,  or  the  lower  1-2-lobed,  not  cordate,  the  veins  parallel  or  converging,  as 
in  P.  circinata;  no  glandular  pubescence ;  calyx  with  long  hairs;  seeds  more  than  4- 

7.  P.  divaricata,  Gr.     Diffusely  spreading,  a  span  or  more  in  height;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong;  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex  only;  corolla  violet,  about  10  lines  in  diameter. 

4.     EMMENANTHB,  Benth. 
Distinguished  from  Phacelia  by  the  persistent  yellow  or  cream-colored  corolla. 


BORRAGINACE2E.       (BORRAGE  FAMILY.)  83 

1.  E.  penduliflora,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high;  somewhat  viscid;  leaves  pinna* 
tifid;  pedicels  filiform,  abont  half  an  inch  long,  equaling  the  nodding  corolla. 

5.  ROMANZOFFIA,  Cham. 

Stamens  unequal;  style  filiform.  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  the  aspect  of  saxifrages; 
the  leaves  mainly  radical,  round-cordate,  or  reniform,  crenately  7-11-lobed,  long  petioled. 

1.  R.  Sitchensis,  Bong.  Scapes  weak,  a  span  long,  bearing  several  pink  or  pur- 
ple, varying  to  white  flowers;  corolla  veiny. 

6.  ERIODICTYON,     Benth. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form  to  salver-form.  Stamens  included. — Low 
ehrubs;  the  leaves  alternate,  of  rigid  coriaceous  texture,  the  finely  reticulated  veinleta 
conspicuous  on  a  fine  woolly  ground,  at  least  underneath,  their  margins  beset  with  rigid 
teeth. 

1.  E.  glutinosum,  Benth.  (MOUNTAIN  BALM,  or  YERBA  SANTA.)  Smooth,  glu- 
tinous with  a  resinous  exudation,  3  to  5  ft.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  3  to  6  inches  long; 
cymes  in  a  naked  panicle;  corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  violet  or  nearly  white,  half  an 
inch  long. 

E.  tomentosum,  Benth.,  grows  farther  down  the  coast.  It  is  larger  with  smaller  almost  salver-form, 
flowers;  densely  villous. 


ORDER  40.     BORRAGINACKZE. 

Mostly  roughly  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves  without  stipules,  scor- 
pioid  inflorescence,  and  perfectly  regular  5-androus  flowers;  the  ovary  of  4  lobes  or 
divisions  around  a  central  style,  ripening  into  seed-like  nutlets.  Calyx  free,  5-parted 
or  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  with  a  5-lobed  limb,  commonly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  distinct,  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
The  one-sided  and  coiled  apparent  spikes  or  racemes  straighten  as  the  blossoms  develop. 

All  our  species  except  the  first  belong  to  the  true  Borrage  Tribe. 

*  Fruit  not  prickly. 

Corolla  with  plaited  sinuses;  stigma  sessili Heliotropium.  1 

Corolla  yellow.     Bristly-hispid  plants Amsinckia.  3 

Corolla  white Eritrichium.  3 

*  *  The  nutlets  prickly,  bur-like. 

Flowers  sky-blue  (rarely  white)  in  bracteate  racemes Echinospennum.  4 

Flower  purple,  blue  and  violet  in  a  peduncled  raceme Cynoglossum.  5 

Flowers  minute;  nutlets  winged,  or  boat-shaped Pectocarya.  6 


84  BORKAGINACE^E.       (BORRAGE   FAMILY.) 

1.     HELIOTROPIUM,     Tourn. 

Corolla  with  plaited  sinuses.  Filaments  short  or  none;  anthers  connivent  and  some- 
times cohering.  Style  entire  or  none;  stigma  a  fleshy  ring  or  the  edge  of  a  peltate  or 
umbrella-shaped  disk.  Fruit  dry,  splitting  into  4  nutlets. 

1.  II.  Curassavicum,  L.  A  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  succulent  herb  with 
spreading  or  prostrate  stems;  leaves  oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long;  flowers  crowded, 
white  or  blue;  stigma  sessile,  flat- topped.  Blackens  in  drying. 

2.     AMSINCKIA,     Lehm. 

Corolla  salver-form,  or  somewhat  funnel-form,  more  or  less  plaited  in  the  bud  at  the 
sinuses,  with  the  tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  lobes  rounded.  Filaments  short.  Style  fili- 
form; stigma  capitate-2-lobed.  Nutlets  ovate-triangular.  Hispid  annuals  with  oblong' 
ovate  to  linear  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  at  length  loose  scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes, 
without  bracts,  except  sometimes  the  lowest. 

*  Nutlets  rough,  the  back  convex. 

1.  A.  spectabilis,  Fisch.  &Mey.    Erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  mostly  linear; 
tube  of  the  bright  orange-yellow  corolla,  two  or  three  times  the  length  of  the  linear, 
rusty-hispid  calyx,  nearly  half  an  inch  long;  the  throat  enlarged,  and  the  expanded  limb 
a  third  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 

2.  A.  intermedia,    Fisch.  &  Mey.     Erect,  usually  a  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  linear 
or  only  the  lower  lanceolate;  corolla  bright  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long;  its  tube  a  little 
surpassing  the  calyx-lobes;  the  limb  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter. 

3.  A.    lycopsoides,  Lehm.     Loosely  branched,  soon  spreading,  sometimes  decum- 
bent, sparsely  hispid  with  bristles,  which  on  the  leaves  have  conspicuous  pustulate  bases; 
leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,   the  margins  usually  undulate;  upper  flowers  mostly 
bractless;  corolla  light  yellow,  about  4  lines  long;  the  throat  little  enlarged;  the  limb  2 
or  3  lines  in  diameter.     Passes  into 

Var.  bracteosa,  Gr.,  a  smaller-flowered  decumbent  form,  with  most  of  the  flowers 
bracteate. 

*  *  Nutlets  nearly  fiat  on  the  back,  coarsely  granulate. 

4.  A.  tessellata,  Gr.     About  a  foot  high,   rather  stout,   coarsely  hispid,  the  bris- 
tles of  the  calyx  rusty;  corolla  orange-yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long,  the  throat  plaited,  the 
tube  rather  longer  than  the  obtuse  calyx-lobes;  nutlets  broadly  ovate,  thickly  covered 
with  warty  granulations  closely  fitting  like  the  blocks  of  a  pavement. 

*  *  *  Nutlets  at  maturity,  whitish,  smooth  and  polished. 

5.  A.  vernicosa,  Hook  &  Arn.     Sparsely  bristly;  leaves  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate; 
corolla  light  yellow,  4  or  5  lines  long,  and  the  limb  narrow;  nutlets  shaped  like  a  grain 
of  buckwheat. 


BORRAGINACE.E.       (BOKRAGE  FAMILY.)  85 

Var.  grandiflora,  Or.  Robust,  more  hispid  and  large  flowered,  the  limbs  broader) 
calyx  lobes  often  combined,  so  as  to  appear  as  3  or  4. 

3,     ERITRICHIUM,  Schr. 

Most  obviously  distinguished  from  Amsinckia  and  the  nearer  Echinospermum  by  its 
Usually  smaller  white  flowers,  with  shorter  corolla  tube.  The  species  difficult  of  deter- 
mination. 

1.  E.      California  urn,  DC.      The  slender  stems  decumbent,  a  span  or  more  long; 
the  leaves  narrowly  linear;  stems  flowering  from  near  the  base;  flowers  almost  sessile, 
mostly  with  leaves  or  bracts,  at  length  scattered;  the  corolla  only  a  line  long;  calyx  open 
in  fruit.     Passes  into 

Var.  subglocliidiatuxn,  Gr.  Slightly  succulent;  lower  leaves  inclined  to  spatulate, 
nutlets  somewhat  barbed.  Wet  ground. 

2.  E.    Scouleri,  A. DC.     Slender,  erect  a  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  narrowly  linear 
(1  or  2  inches  long);  flowers  in  geminate  or  sometimes  paniculate  slender  naked  spikes, 
most  of  them  bractless;  pedicels  not  more  than  a  line  long;  calyx  erect  in  fruit;  corolla 
surpassing  the  calyx,  the  limb  almost  rotate,  2  to  5  lines  in  diameter. — Seems  to  pass 
into  the  next. 

3.  E.    Chorisianum,  DC.    At  first  erect,  soon  spreading  or  decumbent;  larger  leaves, 
2  to  4  inches  long;  flowers  in  lax,  usually  solitary  racemes,  many  of  them  leafy-bracted; 
pedicels  sometimes  filiform  and  2  to  9  lines  long;  corolla  more  funnel-form,  its  limb  3 
to  5  lines  in  diameter. — This  may  be  a  wet  ground  form  of  the  last,  which  grows  on  dry 
ground. 

4.  E.  fulvum,  A. DC.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender  branched  from  a  leafy  base, 
pubescent;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lanceolate  or  spatulate;  spikes  at  maturity  nearly 
filiform,  bracteate  only  at  the  base;  calyx,  etc.,  densely  clothed  with  rusty  or  fulvous 
hairs;  calyx  deciduous,  only  the  lower  part  remaining  under  the  fruit;  corolla  limb  2 
lines  across. 

5.  E.  canescens,  Gr.     Stouter  and  larger  than  the  last;  the  pubescence  whitish, 
not  rusty;  leaves  linear;  calyx  hardly  deciduous. 

6.  E.  oxycaryum,  Gr.     May  be  known  by  the  solitary  ovate-acuminate,  smooth, 
Bhining  nutlet  enclosed  in  the  persistent  bur-like  calyx;  corolla  2  lines  wide. 

4.     ECHINOSPERMUM,     Swartz. 

Calyx  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit.  Corolla  short,  salver-form,  and  with  con- 
spicuous arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Short  filaments,  style,  etc.,  as  in  Entricliium. 
Nutlets  with  barbed  prickles. 

1.  E.  floribundum,  Lehm.  Hather  strict,  2  ft.  or  more  high,  or  sometimes  smaller; 
leaves  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate;  racemes  numerous,  usually  geminate;  the  tri- 


83  CONVOLVULACE2E.   (MORNING  GLORY  FAMILY.) 

angular  nutlets  armed  with  prickles  on  the  margins;  limb  of  the  rotate  corolla  2  to  5 
lines  in  diameter,  blue,  rarely  white. 

5.     CYNOGLOSSUM,     Tourn. 

Chiefly  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  broad  large  leaves,  the  bractlesa 
racemes  and  the  nutlets  clothed  over  the  whole  back  with  stout  barbed  prickles. 

1.  C.  grande,  Dougl.  About  2  ft.  high,  pubescence  soft;  radical  and  lower  stem 
leaves  ovate  oblong,  usually  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  long  petioled;  panicled 
racemes  or  cymes  small,  on  a  long  naked  terminal  peduncle;  corolla  tube  exceeding  the 
calyx;  its  limb  blue  to  violet,  with  usually  purple  crests;  3  to  5  lines  wide. 

6.    FECTOCARYA,     DC. 

Structure  of  the  minute  white  flowers  similar  to  the  preceding;  nutlets  widely  spread- 
ing in  pairs,  horizontal,  oblong  or  almost  linear,  surrounded  by  an  incurved  wing-like 
border  which  is  toothed,  the  apex  beset  with  hooked  bristles. 

1.  P.  penicillata,  A.  DC.  Very  slender,  diffusely  branching,  spreading,  with  nar- 
row linear  leaves,  and  small  flowers  scattered  the  whole  length  of  the  stem,  on  very  short 
pedicels;  nutlets  only  a  line  long. 


ORDER  41.     CONVOLVULACEJE. 

Herbs,  usually  twining  or  trailing,  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  perfect 
flowers;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  angles  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them  (5,  rarely  4);  the  free  persistent  calyx  of  mostly  distinct  imbricated  sepals;  ovary 
2-3-celled;  capsules  generally  globular;  seeds  1  to  4.  Inflorescence  axillary. 

Corolla  plaited  in  the  bud;  style  single Convolvulus.     1 

Corolla  5-cleft;  styles  2 Cressa.     2 

Twining  parasites,  leafless,  yellowish Cuscuta.     3 

1.  CONVOLVULUS,  L. 

Corolla  campanulate  or  short  and  open  funnel-form,  with  a  5-angulate  or  obscurely 
5-lobed  border,  deeply  plaited  down  the  sinuses  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Stj  la 
filiform;  stigmas  2,  in  ours  flat,  from  linear  to  oval.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

*  A  pair  of  bracts  close  to  the  calyx,  enveloping  it. 

1.  C.  Soldanella,  L.  Maritime,  low,  smooth;  stems  a  foot  or  less  in  length,  trail- 
ing; leaves  reniform  entire  or  obscurely  angulate-lobed,  an  inch  or  two  broad,  long 
petioled;  corolla  pink,  purplish,  or  nearly  white. 


CONVOLVULACEJE.       (MORNING   GLORY   FAMILY.)  87 

2.  C.  occidentalis,  Gr.     Mostly  smooth;  stems  twining  several  feet  high;  leaves 
from  broadly  ovate-triangular  with  a  deep  and  narrow  basal  sinus  to  narrowly  lanceolate- 
hastate;  the  posterior  lobes  often  1-2-toothed;  peduncle  elongated,  not  rarely  2-flowered 
within  the  bracts;  these  ovate  or  rarely  oblong,  commonly  surpassing  the  enclosed  calyx; 
corolla  white  or  pinkish,  1  to  1^  inches  broad;  stigmas  linear. 

3.  C.     Californicus,  Choi.     Minutely  and  rather  densely  pubescent,  a  span  or  less 
high,  or  with  trailing  stems  a  foot  long;  leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  and  obscurely 
hastate  to  triangular-hastate,  the  basal  lobes  sometimes  1-2-toothed,  long-petioled;  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  the  petiole;  bracts  oblong  or  oval,  about  equaling  the  sepals,  or 
Bhorter;  corolla  white,  cream-color  or  flesh-color,  1^  to  2  inches  long. 

4.  C.  villosus,  Gr.     Densely  silky- villous  or  woolly;  corolla  cream  colored,  an  inch 
long. 

*  *  No  calyx-Wee  bracts;  sometimes  a  pair  of  leaves  close  under  the  flower  or  a  pair  of 
"bracts  at  some  distance  below  it. 

5.  C.  luteolus,  Gr.     Stems  twining  several  feet  long;  leaves  triangular-hastate  or 
sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  sometimes  2-lobed;  peduncles  bearing  a  pair  of  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate entire  bracts,  a  little  below  the  flower;  a  second  flower  occasionally  from  the 
axil  of  one  of  them;  corolla  pale  yellow  or  purplish,  an  inch  or  more  in  length;  stigmas 
linear. 

2.     CRESSA,  L. 

Corolla  deeply  5-cleft;  the  oblong  or  ovate  lobes  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
somewhat  campanulate  tube.  Stamens  and  the  2  distinct  styles  exserted.  Stigmas 
capitate. 

1.  C.  Cretica,  L.  A  span  or  two  high,  silky-villous  and  hoary ;  leaves  very 
numerous,  2  to  4  lines  long,  almost  sessile;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  upper  axils; 
corolla  2  or  3  lines  long,  white. — On  saline  or  alkaline  soil. 

3.     CUSCUTA,  Tourn.     DODDER. 

Calyx  5-4-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  campanulate  or  short-tubular,  the  spreading  limb 
5-4-parted.  Styles  in  our  species  2,  distinct.  Seeds  germinating  in  the  soil,  but  the 
thread-like,  branching,  leafless,  yellowish  or  reddish  twining  stems  becoming  parasitic  on 
the  bark  of  herbs  or  small  shrubs;  being  attached  by  means  of  suckers.  Flowers  small, 
cymose  or  densely  clustered,  white  or  whitish. 

*  Capsule  depressed-globose. 

1.  C.  Californica,  Choisy.  Flowers  pedicelled  in  loose  few-flowered  cymes;  lobes  of 
the  calyx  acute;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  delicate  white;  no  scales  below 
the  stamens. 

Var.  breviflora,  Engel.  Flowers  scarcely  over  a  line  long;  calyx  lobes  equaling  the 
corolla-tube. 


SOLANACEJL.       (POTATO   FAMILY.) 

Yar.  longiloba,  Engel.     Flowers  1£  to  2J  lines  long;  calyx-lobes  often  with  recurved 
tips;  capsule  mostly  only  1 -seeded,  enveloped  by  the  withered  corolla. 

*  Capsule  pointed,  capped  or  enveloped  by  the  withered  corolla. 

2.  C.  salina,  Engel.     Flowers  1J  to  2J  lines  long  delicate  white;  corolla  lobes  often 
overlapping,  denticulate;  capsule  surrounded  but  not  capped  by  the  corolla,    usually 
1-seeded. — Growing  in  saline  marshes,  usually  on  Salicornia. 

3.  C.  subinclusa,  Dur.  &  Hilg.     Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  (at  length  in  large 
clusters),  2£  to  4  lines  long;  lobes  of  the  corolla  short,  the  tube  somewhat  urn-shaped, 
only  partly  covered  by  the  fleshy,  usually  reddish  calyx.— The  most  common  species 
growing  on  coarse  herbs  and  shrubs. 


ORDER  42.     SOLANACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular  5-merous  flowers  on 
bractless  pedicels,  a  single  style  and  a  2-celled  ovary;  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  or 
capsule. 

This  small  order  of,  perhaps,  not  more  than  a  dozen  species  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  less  than  70  in  North  America,  is  remarkable  for  the  diversity  of  properties  exhibited 
by  its  members,  and  the  almost  universal  use  by  man  of  several  of  its  species.  At  first 
view,  the  classification  seems  absurd  which  puts  fiery  Cayenne  pepper  and  insipid  egg 
plants,  the  wholesome  tomato  and  deatlly  night-shade,  nutritious  potatoes  and  poisonous 
tobacco  together  in  one  family.  A  careful  examination  shows  that  these  seemingly  very 
different  plants  are  much  alike  after  all.  The  four  most  important  plants  of  this  order — 
potato,  tobacco,  red  or  Cayenne  pepper,  and  tomato — are  natives  of  tropical  America, 
and  were  consequently  not  used  in  the  Old  World  before  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
following  ornamental  plants  of  the  order  are  common  in  cultivation:  Jerusalem  Cherry 
(Solanum  Pseudo-Capsicum],  a  small  shrub,  with  red  berries;  Jasmine  Solanum  (S.  Jas- 
minoides),  a  shrubby  climber,  with  a  profusion  of  nearly  white  blossoms  a  little  smaller 
than  those  of  the  potato;  the  well-known  Matrimony  Vine  (Lycium  vulgare};  Tree 
Datura  or  Stramonium  (Datura  arborea),  with  hanging  flowers  six  or  seven  inches  in 
length;  Cestrum,  a  shrub  with  drooping  tubular  red  flowers  in  terminal  bunches;  and 
Petunia,  with  funnel-form  corollas  of  various  colors. 

Solanum  Xanti,  Gray,  grows  along  the  coast  from  Santa  Barbara  southward,  and  has  been  reported 
from  Lake  County.  It  is  more  herbaceous  than  S.  umbelliferum,  and  may  be  distinguished  with  the  aid 
of  a  lens  by  its  simple  glandular  hairs,  instead  of  the  branching  hairs  of  the  latter  species. 

Pliysalis  or  Ground  Cherry  may  be  found  in  cultivated  ground.  Its  berries  are  enclosed  by  an 
inflated  calyx. 

Datura  MeteloirJes,  DC.,  grows  on  the  Salinas  River  and  southward.  The  flowers  are  white  or  violet 
tinged,  and  6  to  8  inches  long,  with  a  wide  border;  the  capsule  nodding. 


SOLANACEJS.       (POTATO  FAMILY.)  88a 

Corolla  rotate;  fruit  a  berry Solanum.    1 

Corolla  funnel-form;  capsule  large,  spiny Datura.     2 

Corolla  funuel-form;  capsule  smooth Nicotiana.    3 

1.     SOLANUM,  Tourn. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.    Filaments  short;  anthers  usually  conniving. 
Style  elongated. 

*  Corolla  small  white;  deeply  5-cleft. 

1.  S.  nigrum,  L.     (BLACK  NIGHTSHADE.)    Widely  branching;  leaves  usually  ovate 
and  sinuate  toothed;  flowers  in  umbellate  clusters;  berries  black.     Variable. 

Var.  Douglasii,  Gr.    Leaves  apt  to  be  coarsely  toothed;  flowers  sometimes  half  an 
inch  broad. 

*  *  Corolla  large,  blue,  5-angled. 

2.  S.  umbelliferum,   Esch.     Somewhat  shrubby;  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters, 
violet-blue  to  rarely  white,  about  9  lines  broad.     A  variable  species  similar  to  S.  Xanti, 
which  is  less  shrubby  and  has  larger  flowers,  a  common  species  farther  south. 

2.    DATURA,  L.    STRAMONIUM. 

Calyx  prismatic,  partly  deciduous.     Corolla  with  ample  5-pointed  limb.     Style  long; 
stigma  2-lipped.     Capsule  spiny. 

1.  D.    Stramonium,  L.     Smooth,  green;  corolla  white,  about  3  inches  long;  cap- 
sule beset  with  short,  stout  prickles,  the  lower  shorter. 

2.  D.    Tatula,  L.     Stem  reddish-purple;  corolla  pale  violet;  prickles  about  equal. 

3.  D.  quercifolia,  HBK.     Green ;  corolla  violet-tinged;  prickles  flattened,  unequal, 
some  an  inch  long. — Lower  Russian  River. 

3.    NICOTIANA,  Tourn.    TOBACCO. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  oblong,  persistent.     Corolla  commonly  funnel-form,  the  limb 
plaited.     Style  long;  stigma  capitate,  somewhat  2-lobed. — Very  viscid  herbs. 

1.  N.  rustica,  L.     Leaves  petioled,  ovate,  or  the  lower  slightly  cordate;  corolla 
short  and  broad,  dull  white,  less  than  an  inch  long. 

2.  N.  Bigelovii,  Wat.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  only  the  lower  ones 
petioled,  these  scarcely  exceeding  6  inches  long;  corolla  nearly  salver-form  with  tube  1£ 
inches  long,  the  limb  an  inch  or  more  wide,  its  lobes  acute. 

3.  N.  attenuata,  Torr.    (SLENDER  TOBACCO.)    Leaves  petioled,  the  lower  ovate  or 
oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate  to  linear  lanceolate;  calyx  teeth  short;  corolla  greenish 
white,  salver-form,  an  inch  or  more  long,  and  a  half  an  inch  or  less  across.     Slender 
plants  3  or  4  feet  high  in  cultivated  ground. 

4.  N.  glauca,  Graham.      (TOBACCO  TREE.)     A  small  tree,  commonly  cultivated; 
smooth,  glaucous  leaves  long-petioled;  tubular  corolla  greenish  yellow,  an  inch  or  more 
long. 


SSb 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT     FAMILY.) 


ORDER  2G.     SCROPHULARIACEZS. 

A  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  with  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  didynamous  or 
diandrous  stamens;  a  single  style  and  a  2-celled  ovary  and  capsule  mark  this  large 
order.  In  Pentstemon  there  is  a  fifth  rudimentary  stamen.  Verbascum  has  five  perfect 
stamens. 

CL 


Mimulus  glutinosus. 


f 


a.  Ripe  capsule  of  Mi- 
mulus luteus.  b.  The 
same  seen  edgewise  burst- 
ing open.  c.  A  cross 
section  of  the  same,  show- 
ing the  placenta;  and 
seeds,  d.  Pistil  of  Mi- 
mulus luteus.  e.  Front 
view  of  one  of  the  an- 
thers. /.  Back  view  oi 


the  same.     Above  these  are  the  stamens  of  Mi- 
mulus glutinosus  united  in  pairs. 

a.  Single  flower  and  bract  of  Pedicularis  densi- 
flora  (galea  flattened  laterally,  the  pistil  protrud- 
ing; the  lower  lip  of  3  small  lobes,  2  of  which 
are  shown).  b.  A  single  flower  of  Castilleia. 

c.  Single   floAver   of    Orthocarpus   purpurascens. 

d.  Front  view  of  the  same,  with  calyx  removed. 
The   lower    lip    (anterior    or   front   part   of    the 
flower)  3-lobed,  the  galea  beaked  and  surpassing 


This  large  order,  numbering  nearly  2,000  species,  is  remarkable  for  the  great  oeauty  of 
fts  flowers,  and  for  the  impartial  distribution  of  its  species  over  the  whole  world.  Over 
300  species,  belonging  to  37  genera,  are  natives  of  the  United  States.  About  75  species 
grow  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about  100  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  this  State.  The 


SCEOPHULARIACE2E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  89 

most  important  American  genera  aro  Pentstemon,  75  species,  found,  with  one  exception, 
only  in  North  America,  and  mostly  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  between  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada;  Mimulus,  represented  in  other  countries,  but 
most  largely  in  North  America,  where  there  are  30  species,  about  two  thirds  of  which 
grow  in  California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  only  2  species  reaching  the  Atlantic 
States;  Orthocarpus,  24  species,  all  North  American,  except  one,  and  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  16  belonging  to  California;  Gerardia,  24  species,  mostly  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  none  reaching  the  Rocky  Mountains;  Castilleia,  23  species,  2  Asiatic,  3  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  8  or  9  in  California;  Pedicularis,  a  large  genus,  mostly  in  the  arctic 
regions  and  on  high  mountains  of  the  temperate  zone,  28  American  species;  Collinsia,  15 
species,  all  Californian,  except  two,  which  grow  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Several 
showy  species  of  shrubby  Veronicas  are  cultivated.  This  large  genus,  numbering  40 
species  in  New  Zealand  alone,  *is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  only  a  few  obscure 
herbs.  Digitalis,  commonly  cultivated  under  the  name  of  Foxglove,  has  run  wild  about 
Humboldt  Bay  and  in  the  Willamette  Valley. 

Many  plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Pentstemon,  Collinsia,  and  Mimulus  are  culti- 
vated on  account  of  their  beautiful  flowers.  Pentstemons  are  mostly  confined  to  hilly  or 
mountainous  districts.  Collinsias  grow  everywhere.  Most  species  of  Mimulus  prefer 
moist  places,  but  the  only  shrubby  species,  M.  glutinosus,  grows  on  dry,  rocky  hillsides. 

Two  species  of  Verbascum  (Mullein)  are  found  in  the  State,  but  probably  not  within  our  limits;  V. 
Thapsus,  L.,  with  woolly  decurrent  leaves  and  V.  virgatum,  Withe.,  distinguished  by  nearly  smooth  not 
decurrent  leaves  and  violet  bearded  filaments. 

*  Leaves  mostly  alternate;  corolla  personate. 

Corolla  spurred  at  base Linaria.    1 

Corolla  gibbous  at  base Antirrhinum.     2 

*  *  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Corolla  erect,  the  anterior  lobe  reflexed,  the  other  4  erect,  a  scale  in  the  throat  on 

the  upper  side .• Scrophularia.  3 

Corolla  declined,  the  middle  lower  lobe  infolding  the  stamens  and  style . . .  Collinsia.  4 

Carolla  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament  on  the  upper  side Pentstemon.  5 

Stigma  2-lipped  or  disk-like Mimulus.  6 

*  *  *  Corolla  rotate  or  short-campanulate. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  corolla  campanulate Limosella.     7 

Calyx  4-parted;  corolla  4-lobed,  rotate Veronica.     8 

*  Corolla  tubular;  the  upper  Up  erect  or  incurved,  laterally  compressed,  usually  en- 
closing the  ascending  stamens. 

Corolla  narrow  with  almost  obsolete  lower  lip Castilleia.     9 

Corolla  with  saccate  lower  lip  of  3  lobes Orthocarpus.  10 


90  SCROPHULARIACE2E.       (riGWOET  FAMILY.) 

Lips  of  corolla,  both  short;  the  lower  3-crenulate Cordylanthus.  11 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched;  many  large  radical  leaves Pedicularis.  12 

1,     LINARIA,  Tourn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  the  throat  nearly  closed;  the  base  in  front  (below)  pro- 
longed into  a  spur. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Dum.  (ToAD  FLAX.)  Smooth;  leaves  linear,  alternate  on  the 
erect  flowering  stems,  but  smaller  and  broader  ones  often  opposite  or  whorled  on  the 
procumbent  shoots;  flowers  blue  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

2.  ANTIRRHINUM,  Tourn.        SNAPDRAGON. 

Like  Linaria,  except  that  the  corolla  has  a  saccate  protuberance  instead  of  a  spur.  In 
ours  the  upper  lip  is  spreading  and  the  lower  lobes  deflexed. 

1.  A.  glandulosum,  Lindl.     Glandular  and  viscid;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  sessile; 
flowers  in  a  dense  spike  or  raceme,  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  pink  with  yellowish 
palate. 

2.  A.  vagans,  Gr.     Very  diffuse,  often  glandular,  branchlets  frequently  prehensile; 
leaves  short,  lanceolate  to  ovate;  flowers  scattered,  purplish  blue,  half  an  inch  long. 

Var.  Bolaiideri,  Gr.  Has  broader  and  thinner  leaves,  those  on  the  prehensile  branch- 
lets  orbicular. 

3.  A.     Breweri,  Gr.     Has  smaller  flowers,  only  3  lines  long;  style  strongly  deflexed. 

3.     SCROPHULARIA,  Tourn.     FIGWORT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  broad.  Corolla  short,  with  an  oblong  tube  unequally 
5-lobod,  4  erect,  the  two  upper  the  longer.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  pairs,  low  down  on 
the  corolla  tube,  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  in  the  form  of  a  scale  above.  Coarse 
herbs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 

I.  S.  Californica,  Cham.  Nearly  smooth,  2  to  6  ft.  high,  with  deltoid  or  truncate- 
ovate  doubly  toothed  opposite  leaves;  flowers  small  greenish  or  lurid  red  (rarely  yellow) 
in  a  terminal  thyrsus. 

4.     COLLINSIA,     Nutt. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  the  tube  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  side, 
commonly  declined,  conspicuously  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  and  its  lobes  recurv- 
ing; the  lower  3-lobed  and  larger,  its  side  lobes  pendulous-spreading,  the  middle  one 
folded  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  and  including  the  declined  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  in 
pairs,  with  long  filaments,  anthers  round-reniform.  A  gland  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  on 
the  upper  side  answers  to  the  fifth  stamen. — Beautiful  annuals  with  simple  opposite  or 
whorled  leaves,  all  but  the  lower  sessile;  pedicels  solitary  or  whorled  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
which  diminish  to  small  bracts  above. 


SCROPHULAKIACE^].       (riGWOET  FAMILY.)  91 

*  Flowers  short-pediceled  or  nearly  sessile,  verticillate. 

1.  C.  bicolor,  Benth.     A  foot  or  more   high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper 
usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  sessile  by  a  nervose  veined  base;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
acute  lobes  of  the  calyx;  the  lower  lip  or  the  corolla  violet  or  rose-purple  and  the  upper 
paler  to  nearly  white;  the  saccate  throat  very  oblique  to  the  true  tube,  fully  as  broad  as 
long;  gland  short. — The  most  showy  species,  with  flowers  nearly  an  inch  long. 

2.  C.  tinctoria,  Hartw.     Foliage,   etc.,  like  the  preceding;  generally  more  viscid- 
pubescent;  flowers  almost  sessile;  corolla  yellowish,  cream-color,  or  white,  usually  with 
purple  dots  or  lines;  upper  lip  very  short. — East  side  of  Sacramento  Valley. 

3.  C.  bartsisefolia,  Benth.     Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  from  ovate- 
oblong  to  linear;  flower-whorls  2  to  5,  rarely  only  one;  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
emarginate  or  obcordate;  gland  elongated.     Flowers  nearly  as  large  as  the  preceding, 
purplish,  pale  violet,  or  whitish;  upper  lip  with  a  transverse  callosity  at  the  origin  of  tha 
limb. 

4.  C,     Greenei,  Gr.     Upper  lip  of  the  violet  purple  corolla  about  half  the  length  o| 
the  lower,  crested  below  with  a  pair  of  callous  teeth  on  each  side  connected  by  a  ridge. 
Corolla  5  lines  long. — Lake  County. 

*  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  umbellate-whorled. 

6.  C.  sparsiflora,  Fisch.   &  Mey.     Slender;  upper  leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  merely  opposite  or  the  upper  minute  floral  bracts  in  threes;  pedicels  solitary 
in  the  axils,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  flower  which  is  4  to  8  lines  long;  corolla  mostly 
violet;  the  upper  lip  and  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  commonly  yellowish  and  purple- 
dotted;  calyx  usually  purple- tinged. 

7.  C.  parviflora,  Dougl.     Low,  at  length  diffuse  about  a  span  high;  the  blue,   or 
partly  white  flowers  solitary  or  2  to  5  in  a  whorl,  2  to  4  lines  long;  stigma  cleft,  gland 
capitate,  short-stipitate. 

5.     PENTSTEMON,     Mitch. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  a  conspicuous  mostly  elongated  or  ventricose  tube;  the 
limb  more  or  less  bilabiate;  upper  lip  2-lobed;  the  lower  3-cleft,  recurved  or  spreading. — 
The  conspicuous  sterile  filament  strongly  marks  the  genus,  remarkable  for  its  many  beau- 
tiful species.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

1.  P.    Menziesii,  Hook.    Tufted  at  the  woody  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  oval 
or  ovate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long;  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  pink-red;  anthers  with  the 
diverging  cells  long- woolly.     Mt.  St.  Helena,  Mrs.  M.  L.  Swe.it. 

2.  P.  corymbosus,  Benth.      A  foot  or  two  high,  soft-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth, 
leafy  to  the  tip;  corolla  scarlet,  an  inch  long;  anthers  smooth;  steril  filament,  bearded 
down  one  side. 

3.  P.  breviflorus,  Lindl.     3  to  6  ft.  high,  with  long,  slender,  flowering  branches; 
corolla  yellowish  with  flesh-color,  striped  within  with  pink,  about  half  an  inch  long;  the 
Upper  lip  beset  with  long  viscid  hairs;  sterile  filament  naked. 


92  SCEOPHULAEIACE^,       (FIG WORT  FAMILY.) 

4.  P.     Leinmoni,  Gr.     Is  smaller  and  may  be  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its 
yellow  bearded  sterile  filament. 

5.  P.  heterophyllus,  Lindl.     Stems  1  to  5  ft.  high  from  a  woody  base;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear;  corolla  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  ventricose,  rose-purple  or  pink  chang- 
ing to  violet,  an  inch  or  more  in  length.     Difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  next. — Coast 
llange. 

6.  P.  azureus,  Benth.     Usually  smaller  than  the  last;  the  larger  corolla  azure  blue 
changing  to  violet;  the  base  sometimes  reddish;  the  expanded  limb  sometimes  an.  inch 
broad. — Sierra  Nevada. 

6.     MIMULUS,  L.  1 

Calyx  mostly  plicately  o-angled.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  the  included  or  rarely 
exserted  tube  bilabiately  5-lobed;  the  lobes  roundish,  more  or  less  spreading  or  the 
upper  turned  back;  a  pair  of  ridges  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat.  The 
anthers  often  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  divergent.  The  lobes  of  the  stigma  com- 
monly petaloid-dilated  or  peltate-funnelform. — Flowers  axillary  on  simple  peduncles; 
commonly  showy. 

1.  M.  tricolor,  Lindl.     Stem,  when  beginning  to  flower,  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
high,  at  length  3  inches.     Corolla  about  1^  inches  long,  with  a  long  exserted  slender 
tube,  a  short  funnelform  throat,  and  similar  nearly  equal  lobes;  pink,  with  a  crimson 
spot  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  a  yellow  stain  along  the  lower  lip.     Leaves  sessile. 

2.  M.     Douglasii,  Gr.     Similar  to  the  last;  leaves  contracted  into  a  petiole;  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  erect  upper  one  or  even  obsolete;  the  throat 
more  ample.     Stem  from  a  £  to  6  inches  high. 

3.  M.  glutinosus,  Wendl.     A  brittle-stemmed  shrub,  2  to  6  ft.  high,  with  thick 
glutinous-sticky  leaves  and  mostly  buff  or  salmon-colored  flowers,   but  running  into 
varieties  with  red,  red-brown,  or  scarlet  flowers. 

4.  M.  cardinalis,  Dougl.     Villous,  with  viscid  hairs;  the  large  leaves  ovate,  the 
upper  often  connate;  corolla  frequently  2  inches  long;  the  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  long 
calyx,  the  limb  very  oblique,  scarlet. — Along  water  courses. 

5.  M.  luteus,  L.     Mostly  smooth,  varying  greatly  in  size  from  a  foot  to  even  4  ft. 
high;   leaves  ovate  oval  or  cordate;   corolla  deep  yellow,  usually  spotted  within,   and 
the  base  of  the  lower  lip  blotched  with  brown-purple,  from  1  to  2  inches  long.     Moist 
ground. 

G.  M.  inconspicuus,  Gr.  Smooth,  2  to  7  inches  high;  the  ovate  or  lanceolate 
leaves  sessile,  a  half  inch  or  less  long;  corolla  5  lines  long,  yellow  or  rose-color;  calyx 
teeth  very  short. 

7.  M.  moschatus,  Dougl.     (MusK  PLANT.)    Very  villous  and  usually  musk-scented; 
stems  spreading  and  creeping;  flowers  yellow. — Our  form  is  chiefly 

Var.  loiigiflorus,  Gr.,  with  very  clammy  leaves  and  flowers  an  inch  long,  scarcely 
musky. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)  93 

8.  M.  pilosus,  Wat.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched,  soft,  villous  and 
Blight ly  viscid,  many  flowered  from  near  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong, 
sessile,  entire;  calyx  tube  not  prismatic;  corolla  yellow,  obscurely  bilabiate,  3  or  4  lines 
long,  usually  a  pair  of  brown-purple  spots  on  the  lower  lobe. 

7.     LIMOSELLA,  L.     MUDWORT. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  nearly  regular.  Style  short;  stigma 
thickish. — Diminutive  annuals,  with  narrow  fleshy  leaves  in  clusters  around  the  1 -flow- 
ered scapes.  Flower  small,  white  or  purplish. 

1.  L.  aquatica,  L.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  growing  in  brackish  mud  or  in  fresh 
water. 

8.    VERONICA,  L. 

The  lower  lobe  and  sometimes  the  lateral  ones  of  the  rotate  corolla  sometimes  smaller 
than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the  corolla.  Cap- 
sules compressed.  Flowers  small  (a  line  or  two  broad),  in  racemes  or  spikes,  or  solitary 
in  the  axils;  blue,  purplish,  or  white. 

1.  V.     Americana,  Schw.     Stems  a  span  to  two  feet  long;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
eerrate,  rather  succulent,  short-petioled,  an  inch  or  two  long,  opposite.     Flowers  in  axil- 
lary racemes,  bluish,  with  purple  stripes.     Common  in  damp  places. 

2.  V.  peregrina,  L.     A  span  or  more  high,  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate,  linear- 
oblong;  flowers  minute,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  mostly  narrow  bracts;  capsule 
obcordate. 

9.     CASTILLEIA,  Mutis.        PAINTED-CUP. 

Calyx  tubular,  more  or  less  cleft  in  front  or  behind,  or  both;  the  lobes  2  and  lateral,  or 
4.  Corolla  tubular,  laterally  compressed,  especially  the  long  upper  lip  (galea);  the  lower 
lip  very  short  or  minute,  3- toothed,  and  somewhat  saccate  below  the  short  teeth;  tha 
tube  usually  inclosed  in  the  calyx.  Stamens  4,  inclosed  in  the  galea;  anthers  2-celled, 
the  long  cells  unequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  ones  smaller,  pendulous. 
Style  long;  the  capitate  stigma  sometimes  2-lobed.  Herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base, 
with  mostly  alternate,  sessile  leaves,  the  floral  ones  or  their  tips,  as  well  as  the  calyx 
lobes,  commonly  petaloid  and  colored  red,  yellow,  or  white.  Flowers  in  terminal,  simple, 
leafy  spikes. 

1.  C.  affinis,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Annual;  a  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, entire;  the  upper  floral  bracts  usually  broader,  the  apex  toothed,  red;  spike  with 
scattered,  frequently  pedicellate  flowers  below;  calyx  red;  an  inch  long,  its  front  fissure 
hardly  twice  as  deep  as  the  back  one,  the  narrow  lobes  acutely  2-cleft;  corolla  1  to  1 J 
inches  long,  exserted  so  as  to  expose  the  callous  lip;  the  galea  about  equal  to  the  tube, 
yellowish  or  tipped  with  red. 

2.  C.  latifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Perennial  (as  are  all  the  following);  branching  from 


94  SCKOPHULARIACE2E.       (jTIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

the  base,  1  or  2  ft.  high,  villous-hirsute  and  viscid;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  half  an  inch  or 
more  long,  some  above  3-5-lobed  and  red;  calyx  2-cleft  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  entire  or 
emarginate,  almost  equaling  the  corolla;  corolla  8  lines  long,  the  short  teeth  of  the  lip 
inflexed. 

3.  C.  parviflora,  Bong.     A  span  to  2  ft.  high,  villous-hirsute  above;  leaves  variously 
cleft  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  or  sometimes  the  cauline  are  mainly  entire  and  nar- 
row; calyx  lobes  oblong  and  2-cleft  at  the  apex  or  to  below  the  middle;  corolla  an  inch  or 
less  long;  only  the  upper  part  of  the  narrow  galea  exserted — A  variable  species.     As  in 
the  preceding  species,  the  bracts  and  calyx  are  usually  colored  red  or  crimson,  but  some- 
times varying  to  yellow  or  even  white. 

4.  C.  miniata,  Dougl.     Commonly  2  ft.  high,  strict,  often  slender;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  almost  always  entire,  the  broad  floral  ones  of  the  close  spike  some- 
times incised  or  3-cleft,  usually  bright  red,  rarely  whitish;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acutely 
2-cleft;  corolla  over  an  inch  long,  exserted,  exposing  the  short  ovate  teeth  of  the  lip. 

5.  C.  f oliolosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Densely  white- woolly,  the  matted  hairs  loosened  with 
age;  many-stemmed  from  a  woody  base;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  less  long, 
crowded  below  and  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

10.     ORTHOCARPUS,  Nutt. 

Chiefly  distinguished  from  Castilleia  by  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  (galea)  which  but 
little,  if  at  all,  surpasses  the  usually  more  conspicuous  and  inflated  1-3-saccate  lower 
lip. 

§  1.  C-ASTiLLEioiDES,  Gr. — Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  simply  or  somewhat  triply  saccate,  and 
bearing  3  conspicuous  teeth;  the  galea  Itroadish  or  narrow;  stigma  capitate;  anthers  all 
2-celled;  bracts  with  colored  tips. 

*  Filaments  smooth;  galea  straight  or  nearly  so,  naked,  narrow;  the  lip  moderately 

ventricose ;  its  teeth  erect. 

1.  O.  attenuatus,  Gr.     Slender,   strict,  a  span  or  two  high,  mostly  simple;  leaves 
linear  and  attenuate,   often  with  a  pair  of  filiform  lobes;  spike  slender;  lower  flowers 
scattered;  bracts  with  slender  lobes  barely  white-tipped;  corolla  narrow,  half  an  inch 
long,  white  or  whitish;  narrow  teeth  of  the  purple-spotted  lip  nearly  equaling  the  galea. 

2.  O.  densiflorus,  Benth.     Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the  base  G  to  12  inches 
high;  spike  dense,  many  flowered,  at  length  cylindrical,  or  lowest  flowers  rather  distant; 
bracts  3-cleft,  about  equaling  the  flowers,  their  linear  lobes  purple  and  white;  corolla 
from  8  to  12  lines  long,  the  tips  usually  purplish,  the  teeth  of  the  lip  shorter  than  the 
galea. 

3.  O.  castilleioides,  Benth.   At  length  diffuse  and  corymbosely  branched ;  leaves  from 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  usually  laciniate;  the  upper  and  the  bracts  cuneate-dilated  and 
incisely  cleft,  green  or  the  obtuse  tips  whitish  or  yellowish;  spikes  dense,  short  and  thick: 
corolla  nearly  an  inch  long,  dull  white  or  purplish-tipped;  lip  ventricose-dilated. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.       (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)  95 

*  *  Filaments  pubescent ;  galea  densely  red-bearded  ;  the  obtuse  tip  incurved. 

4.  O.  purpurascens,    Benth.     Bracts  and  corolla  usually  crimson  to  rose-color. 
Distinguished  by  the  bearded,  hooked  galea,  and  large  stigma. 

§  2.  TRIPHYSARIA,  Benth.  — Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  conspicuously  3-saccate,  and  very  much 
larger  than  the  slender  galea,  its  teeth  small,  the  tube  filiform;  stigma  capitate,  some- 
times %-lobed;  bracts  like  the  leaves  and  not  colored. 

5.  O.  pusillus,  Benth.     Small  and  weak  or  diffuse,  branched  from  the  base,  3  or  4 
inches  high;  leaves  1-2-pinnatifid,  and  bracts  3-5-parted  into  filiform  divisions;  flowers 
Bcattered,  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  corolla  purplish,  2  or  3  lines  long;  lip 
moderately  3-lobed;  galea  soon  exposing  the  stamens. 

6.  O.  floribundus,  Benth.    Slender,  erect,  4  to  12  inches  high;  spike  many-flowered, 
dense  above;  corolla  white  or  cream-color,  half  an  inch  long;  the  tube  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx;  stamens  about  the  length  of  the  soon  open  galea;  the  lip  with  3  divergent 
oval  sacs,  their  scarious  teeth  erect. 

7.  O.  erianthus,  Benth.     Erect,  a  span  or  more  high,  much  branched,  pubescent; 
corolla  sulphur-yellow,  with  the  slightly  falcate  galea  brown-purple;  tube  6  to  8  lines 
long,  filiform,  densely  pubescent,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  lip  of  3  globular- 
inflated  sacs,  1  to  2  lines  long;  the  galea  subulate,  inclosing  the  stamens  more  strictly 
than  the  preceding. 

Var.  roseus,  Gr.     Corolla  rose-purple,  shorter. 

8.  O.  faucibarbatus,  Gr.     Nearly  smooth,  less  branched,  and  leaves  with  coarser 
divisions  than  the  last;  corolla  with  smaller  sacs  and  less  beard  within  the    lip;  the 
straight  galea  pale. 

9.  O.  litnospermoides,  Benth.     Hirsute  above;  stem  4  to  12  inches  high,  strict, 
mostly  simple,  very  leafy;  bracts  of  the  dense  many-flowered  spike  about  equaling  tho 
flowers;  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  cream-color,  often  turning  pale  rose-color;  sacs  3 
lines  deep;  the  teeth  inconspicuous;  anthers  2-celled. 

11.     CORDYLANTHUS.     Nutt. 

Calyx  of  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  leaf -like  division,  or  the  former  wanting.  Corolla 
tubular,  a  little  enlarging  upward;  the  lips  short  and  of  nearly  equal  length;  the  lower 
very  obtusely  and  crenulately  3-toothed;  the  upper  straight  and  compressed,  with  the 
apex  incurved.  Style  mostly  hooked  at  the  tip.— Branching  annuals  with  alternate  nar- 
row leaves  either  entire  or  3-5-parted;  the  floral  ones  not  brightly  colored.  Flowers  one 
to  each  bract,  dull-colored,  yellowish  or  purplish;  the  corolla  not  much  exceeding  the 
calyx. 

§  1.     ADENOSTEGIA,  Gr. — Calyx  2-leaied;  flowers  short  pediceled  or  nearly  sessile,  sub- 
tended by  2  to  4  bractlets;  floral  leaves  and  bracts  tipped  with  a  gland. 
1.  C.  filifolius,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  filiform;  the  lower  entire,   tho 


96  OKOBANCHACEJE.   (BROOM-EAPE  FAMILY.) 

upper  3-5-parted,  the  floral  with  cuneate  base  and  ciliatc  margins;  corolla  purplish,   G  to 
9  lines  long. 

2.  C.  pilosus,  Gr.     Larger,  soft-villous  and  hoary;  the  floral  leaves  3-toothed  at  the 
tip;  corolla  yellowish  with  some  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long. 

§  2.     HEMISTEGIA,  Gr. — Calyx  1-leaved;  flowers  without  bractlets,  each  sessile  in  the  axil 
of  a  claspiny  bract;  no  glands  at  the  tips  of  the  leaves. 

3.  C.  maritimus,  Nutt.     Leaves  smooth,  somewhat  fleshy,  all  entire;  flowers  in  a 
capitate  spike;  corolla  dull-purplish;  pairs  of  filaments  very  unequal. — In  salt  marshes. 

4.  C.  mollis,  Gr.     Stamens  only  2,  with  smooth  filaments;  the  upper  leaves  toothed 
or  pinnatifid. — Salt  marshes. 

12.     FEDICULARIS,     Tourn. 

Calyx  2-5-toothed,  irregular.  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate;  the  galea  arched  and  laterally 
compressed;  the  lip  2-crested  above,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  inclosed  in  the  galea;  anthers 
transverse,  equally  2-celled. 

1.  P.  densiflora,  Benth.  Nearly  smooth,  stout,  becoming  a  foot  or  more  high; 
leaves  broad -lanceolate  in  outline,  twice-pinnatifid  or  pinnatcly  parted,  and  the  divisions 
irregularly  and  sharply  incised  or  toothed;  the  upper  bracts  of  the  dense  elongated  spike 
or  raceme  simpler;  calyx-teeth,  5;  corolla  red  or  scarlet. 


OBDEB  44.     OROBANCHACEJE. 

Boot-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  leaves  and  green  color.  Distinguished  from  Scroph- 
ulariacece  by  the  1-celled  ovary. 

1.    AFHYLLON,     Mitch. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  or  5-parted,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  tubular  and  curved,  almost 
regular,  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  included;  cells  of  the  anthers  deeply  separated  from  below 
upward,  mucronate  at  base.  Stigma  peltate  or  bilamellar. — Low  pale  or  brownish  herbs; 
the  flowers  yellowish  or  purplish. 

*  Scapes  or  peduncles  naked;  corolla  with  an  almost  regular  5-lobed  border. 

1.  A.     uniflorum,  Gr.     Coralla  about  an  inch  long,  bluish  purple,  violet-scented. 

2.  A.  fasciculatum,  Gr.     Scaly  stem  rising  out  of  the  ground  2  or  3  inches,  bearing 
many  peduncles;  lobes  of  the  calyx  not  longer  than  the  tube;  flowers  dull  yellow  or 
purplish. 

*  Stems  rising  above  the  ground;  flowers  bracteate;  corolla  plainly  bilabiate. 

3.  A.  cornosum,  Gr.     Low,   branching  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground;  flowers 


LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  97 

on  slender  pedicles  in  a  corymb  or  short  raceme;  corolla  rose-purple  or  purple,  an  inch 
or  more  long,  or  twice  the  length  of  the  deeply  parted  calyx;  anthers  woolly. 

4.  A.  Californicum,  Gr.     Flowers  crowded  in  an  oblong  thyrsus  or  raceme;  calyx 
lobes  nearly  equaling  the  tube  of  the  yellowish  or  purplish  corolla;  anthers  smooth  or 
nearly  so. 

5.  A.  tuberosurn,  G.     Flowers  small,  sessile  in  a  compact  cluster;  yellowish. 
Bosclmidkia   strobilacea,  Gr.,  if  found  may  bo  known  by  its  resemblance  to  a  spruce  cone,  3  or  4 

inches  long,  the  flowers  striped  with  white  and  brownish  red;  scale-like  bracts  brown. 


ORDER  45.     LABIATES. 

Chiefly  aromatic  herbs  with  square  stems,  opposite  simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules, 
bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  4-lobed  ovary  with  a  single 
style,  forming  seed-like  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx. — Flowers  perfect, 
axillary.  Calyx  3-5-toothed  or  cleft,  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  on  the  tubes  of  the  corolla. 
Style,  2-cleft  at  the  apex;  often  unequally  so,  or  one  of  the  lobes  obsolete;  stigmas 
minute. 

Tribe  1.  SATUREIB2B.  Stamens  erect  or  ascending;  the  posterior  pair  shorter 
or  wanting;  anthers  2-celled,  and  the  short  lobes  never  far  separated,  sometimes  partly 
confhicut  but  not  blended.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  never  hooded;  all  the  lobes  flat  or 
nearly  so. 

*  The  small  corolla  about  equally  4-lobed;  tube  naked  within. 

Stamens  4,  nearly  equal Mentha.     1 

Stamens  2,  with  anthers;  posterior  pair  sterile  or  wanting Lycopus.     2 

*  *  Corolla  bilabiate;  no  hairy  ring  within  the  base  of  the  tube. 
-J-  Calyx  about  equally  5-toothed  and  23-nerved;  style  beardless. 
Flowers  glomerate-capitate.     Stamens  4,  straight. 

Stamens  distant  and  divergent Pycnantliemuni.     3 

Stamens  exserted Monardella.     4 

Flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Stamens  4,  curving,  shorter  than  the  corolla Micromeria,  5 

4-  -*-  Calyx  unequally  and  deeply  5-cleft,  mostly  15-nerved;  style  bearded  above. 
Stamens  4,  sometimes  the  upper  pair  sterile Pogogyne.     G 

*  *  *  Corolla  not  manifestly  bilabiate;  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube  within. 
Shrubby.     Flowers  large,  campanulate Sphacele.     7 

Tribe  2.  MONAEDE^L  Stamens  only  2,  fertile,  the  upper  pair  rudimentary  or  want- 
ing; anthers  apparently  or  really  of  a  single  linear-oblong  cell,  or  of  2  cells  widely  sep- 
arated upon  the  ends  of  a  filament-like  connective. 


98  LABIAT2E.       (MINT   FAMILY.) 

Connective  longer  than  the  filament  itself,  which  it  strides,  a  narrow  anther- 
cell  at  its  upper  end,  a  smaller  one  or  a  long  process  at  the  lower Salvia.  8 

Connective  much  shorter  than  the  slender  filament  and  continuous  or  barely 
articulated  with  its  apex,  or  apparently  none;  anther  1-celled,  no  rudi- 
ment of  the  second  cell  below Audibertia.  9 

Tribe  3.  STACHYDE^E.  Stamens  4,  with  anthers,  ascending  and  parallel  under  the 
concave  or  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla.  Calyx  5-10-nervcd.  Herbage  less  aromatic 
than  the  preceding  tribes. 

Calyx  with  a  projection  on  the  upper  side,  casque-shaped Scutellaria.     10 

Calyx  bilabiate.     Filaments  2-forked,  one  fork  bearing  the  anther Bnmella.     11 

Calyx  5-10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed Stachys.     12 

Tribe  4.     AJUGOIDILE.     Stamens  parallel,  and  protruding  from  the  cleft  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  corolla;  the  anterior  longer. 
Corolla  with  5  similar  oblong  lobes Trichostema.     13 

1.    MENTHA,  L.     MINT. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  a  short  included  tube,  and  a  campanulate 
border;  the  upper  lobe  broadest,  entire  or  emarginate.  Odorous  herbs,  with  very  small 
flowers  in  dense  clusters  forming  an  apparent  whorl  in  the  axils  or  spikate  at  the  tops  of 
the  branches. 

1.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  Leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  almost  lanceolate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, acute,  short-petioled;  flowers  all  in  axillary  clusters,  whitish  or  purplish. 

2.     IT5TCOPU3,  Tourn.     WATER  HOEEHOUND. 

Chiefly  distinguished  from  Meiitha  by  the  stamens.     Flowers  white,  in  false  whorls. 
1.  L.  lucidus,   Turcz.,  var.  Americanus,  Gr.     The  subterranean  runners  producing 
tubers;  leaves  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

3.     PYCNANTHEMUM,  Michx. 

Corolla  short,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  Anther-cells  close  and  parallel. 
Perennial  erect  herbs  with  small  flowers. 

1.  P.  Calif ornic  urn,  Torr.  About  2  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched,  sweet-odor- 
ous, whitened  with  soft  pubescence,  or  in  age  smoothish:  leaves  from  ovate  to  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, closely  sessile  by  a  slightly  cordate  or  roundish  base,  sparingly  denticulate  or 
entire;  heads  of  flowers  very  dense  at  the  summit,  white-villous;  flowers  whitish. 

4.     MONAKDELLA,  Benth. 

Marked  by  the  flowers  compacted  in  terminal  heads  involucrate  with  bracts,  flesh-color 
or  purple. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  99 

*  Perennial,  in  tufts  from  a  procumbent  and  almost  woody  base. 

1.  M.  villosa,  Benth.     Soft-pubescent  or  villous  a  foot  or  two  high;  leaves  ovate, 
often  with  a  few  obtuse  teeth,   being  6  to  10  lines  long,  petioled.     Sometimes  nearly 
smooth. 

*  *  Annual;  leaves  entire  or  undulate. 

2.  M.    undulata,  Benth.     A  span   to  a  foot    or  more  high;  leaves    from  oblong 
Bpatulate  to  nearly  linear  with  a  narrowed  base,  obtuse,  undulate-margined,  about  an  inch 
long;  bracts  and  calyx  villous;  corolla  rose-color.     Has  the  odor  of  Peppermint. 

3.  M.     Breweri,  Gr.    A  span  or  more  high;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  pinnately  veined, 
the  larger  an  inch  long;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  cuspidate,   whitish-scarious,  the  outer 
pinnately  and  the  inner  nervosely  7-9-ribbed;  corolla  rose-purple. 

4.  M.     Douglasii,  Benth.     Loosely  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  an  inch  long,  taper- 
ing into  the  petiole;  the  silvery  white  or  purple-tinged  bracts  mostly  transparent,  with  a 
strong  marginal  vein  connected  with  the  midrib  by  pinnate  veins. — Strong-scented;  co- 
rolla deep  rose-color. 

5.     MICROMERIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  not  gibbous.  Corolla  short;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  entire  or  exnarginate; 
lower  spreading,  3-parted. — Low  plants,  sweet-odorous,  with  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  M.    Douglasii,  Benth.     YERBA  BUENA.     Perennial  herb,  with  long  slender  creep- 
ing and  trailing  stems;  leaves  round-ovate,  thin,  sparingly  toothed,  short  petioled,  an 
inch  long  or  less;  flowers  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  filiform  2-bracteolate  peduncle;  co- 
rolla purplish  or  white,  4  lines  long. 

2.  M.  purpurea,  Gr.     Erect,  much  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sparsely 
Berrate;  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters;  corolla  purple-blue,  2  lines  long. 

6.     FOGOGYNE,  Benth. 

Calyx  cleft  to  below  the  middle;  the  2  lower  teeth  longer;  corolla  straight,  tubular- 
funnelform,  with  short  lips;  the  erect  and  entire  upper  lip  and  the  three  lobes  of  the 
spreading  lower  one  oval  and  somewhat  alike.  Stamens  with  the  upper  shorter  pair 
sometimes  sterile;  the  anther  cells  parallel  and  pointless.  Style  somewhat  exserted, 
bearded  above. — Low  annuals,  sweet-aromatic;  with  oblong  or  oblanceolated  leaves  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole;  flowers  mostly  crowded  and  interrupted  spicate;  bracts  and  calyx 
hirsute-ciliate;  the  corolla  blue  or  purplish. 

*  Stamens  all  four  with  anthers;  style  conspicuously  bearded  above,  and  its  subulate  lobes 
almost  equal;  corolla  6  to  D  lines  long;  Jlowers  densely  crowded  into  an  oblong  cylindri- 
cal spike,  which  is  conspicuously  white-hirsute  with  the  long,  stiff,  ciliate  hairs  of  the 
calyx. 
1.     P.     Douglasii,  Benth.     Hather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  veiny,  some- 


100  LABIATJE.       (MINT  FAMILY.) 

times  sparingly  toothed;  bracts  linear,  acute;  lower  lobes  of  the  calyx  much  longer  than 
the  others. 

2.  P.  parviflora,  Benth.     Smaller;  bracts  mostly  obtuse;  corolla  5  or  6  lines  long. 

*  *  Upper  stamens  sterile;  style  sparingly  hairy,  its  lobes  very  unequal;  flowers  barely  2  lines 

long. 

3.  P.  serpplloides,  Gr.     Stems  3  to  G  inches  high;  leaves  obovate-oval  or  spatulate, 
2  or  3  lines  long;  lower  flowers  remote  and  of  ten  solitary;  the  upper  usually  interruptedly 
spicate. 

7.     SPHACBLB,  Benth. 

Calyx  thin,  membranaceous  and  reticulated.  Corolla  with  5  broad,  rather  erect  lobes, 
the  lower  one  longest.  Anther  cells  diverging.  Somewhat  shrubby,  veiny-leaved. 

S.  calycina,  Benth.  Villous-pubescent  or  tomentose,  leafy,  2  to  5  ft.  high;  leaves  2 
to  4  inches  long,  ovate  or  oblong  crenate  or  serrate,  or  almost  entire;  the  floral,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  an  inch  long,  mostly  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  purplish  or 
lead- color. 

8.  SAL  VIA,  L.        SAGE. 

Calyx  bilabiate.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  straight  or  falcate, 
2-lobed,  the  lower  spreading  or  drooping,  its  middle  lobe  sometimes  notched  or  obcor- 
date.  In  our  species  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  is  longer  than  the  lower,  3-2-toothed;  the 
lower  2- parted;  the  teeth  spinulose;  corolla  ringent. 

1.  S.  carduacea,  Benth.     White- woolly  witli  cobwebby  hairs;  stems  nearly  naked, 
Burrounded  at  the  base  with  thistle-like  leaves;  head-like  false  whorls  1  to  4,  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  about  equaling  the  involucre  of  spiny-toothed  bracts;  corolla  10  to  12 
lines  long,  blue  or  purple. 

2.  G.     Columbaria),  Benth.     (CniA.)     Soft  pubescent;  flower  whorls  lor  2;  involu- 
crate  bracts,  sometimes  purplish;  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  blue;  leaves  not  spinescent. 

9.  AUDIBERTIA,  Benth. 

Sufficiently  distinguished  from  Salvia  in  the  synopsis. — Mostly  hoary  perennials,  her- 
baceous or  shrubby;  with  rugose-veiny,  crenulate,  sage-like  leaves,  and  densely  capitate- 
glomerate  flowers. 

1.  A.  grandiflora,  Benth.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high  from  a  somewhat  woody  base; 
lower  leaves  3  to  8  inches  long;  floral  ones  broadly  ovate  and  membranaceous;  corolla  an 
inch  and  a  half  long;  purple-crimson;  stamens  much  exserted. 

2.  A.  Iiumilis,  Benth.     A  span  high,  cespitose;  leaves  mainly  radical;  spike  of  3  or 
4  small,  sessile,  head-like  clusters;  corolla  half  an  inch  longer  less,  bluish  purple. 

3.  A.    stachyoides,  Benth.     Shrubby,  3  to  8  feet  high;   style  and  stamens  little 
exserted;  corolla  about  as  the  last. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  101 

10.  SCUTELLARIA,  L.     SKULLCAP. 

Calyx,  with  two  entire  lips  and  a  gibbous  projection  on  tlie  back,  closed  after  flower- 
ing. Corolla,  with  an  elongated  and  curved  ascending  tube,  a  dilated  throat,  an  erect 
arched  or  galeate  upper  lip,  with  which  the  lateral  lobes  appear  to  be  connected;  the 
anterior  lobe  appearing  to  form  the  whole  lower  lip. — Herbs,  not  aromatic;  with  single 
axillary,  rather  conspicuous  flowers. 

1.  S.  angustifolia,  Pursh.    A  span  to  a  foot  high;  leaves  about  an  inch  long;  the 
radical  ones  often  roundish  or  even  cordate;  corolla  blue  or  violet,  an  inch  long,  with  a 
Blender  tube;  lower  lobe  villous  inside. — Ours  is  mainly 

Var.  canescens,  Gr.  A  form  with  soft,  hoary  pubescence,  and  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  bent  so  as  to  throw  the  upper  part  backward. 

2.  S.  California  a,  Gr.     Puberulent;  stems  8  to  20  inches  high,    slender;  leaves 
from  lanceolate-oblong  to  oval-ovate;  the  lower  an  inch  or  more  long,  often  serrate;  upper 
gradually  reduced  to  half  an  inch  or  less;  lips  of  the  yellowish  corolla  about  equal. 

3.  S.  tuberosa,  Benth.     Soft,  pubescent  or  villous;  stems  slender,  erect  and  short, 
or  trailing  a  foot  in  length;  the  filiform  subterranean  shoots  bearing  tubers;  leaves  mostly 
ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  few-toothed  or  entire,  5  to  18  lines  long;  corolla  deep  blue 
or  violet. 

11.  BRUNELLA,  Tourn.     SELF-HEAL. 

Calyx-lips  closed  in  fruit.  Corolla  with  ascending  tube,  open  lips,  and  slightly-con- 
tracted orifice;  upper  lip  arched  and  entire;  lower  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  drooping, 
rounded,  concave,  denticulate. — Low  perennials,  the  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  ob- 
long or  cylindraceous  head  or  spike. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  slen- 
der-petioled;  corolla  violet,  purple,  or  rarely  white;  calyx  purplish. 

12.     STACHYS,  L. 

Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube  not  dilated  at  the  throat;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave 
or  arched;  the  lower  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip;  filaments  naked;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  2-celled. — Herbs,  not  aro- 
matic, with  flowers  clustered,  capitate,  or  scattered,  often  spicate  at  the  end  of  the 
branches;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

*  Corolla  white  or  whitish;  the  upper  Up  bearded  or  woolly  on  the  tack;  herbage  tomentose 

or  soft  hairy. 

1.  S.  ajugoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high;  silky -villous  with  whitish  hairs; 
leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  crenatcly  serrate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  the  upper  sessile;  flow- 
ers about  3  in  the  axils  of  the  distant  upper  leaves,  and  loosely  leafy-spicate  at  the  sum. 
mit. — Moist  ground. 


102  VEKBENACEJE.       (VERVAIN   FAMILT.) 

2.  S.  albens,  Gr.     Soft-tomentose  with  whitish  wool,  3  to  5  ft.  high;  leaves  mostly 
cordate  at  base,  obtuse,  crenate,  2  or  3  inches  long;  flowers  several  or  many  in  capitate 
clusters  which  usually  exceed  the  small  floral  leaves  and  form  an  interrupted  spike;  corolla 
white  with  purple  dots  on  the  lower  lip. 

3.  S.  pycnantha,  Benth.     Very  hirsute,  with  long  and  mostly  soft  spreading  hairs, 
not  white,  two  feet  high  or  more;  flowers  in  a  dense  cylindraceous  naked  spike  (an  inch 
or  two  long),  exceeding  the  small  bract-like  floral  leaves  except  in  the  lowest  and  some- 
times rather  distant  clusters;  corolla  white  or  cream-color,  with  purple  on  the  lower  lip.  (?) 

*  *  Corolla  purple,  the  upper  lip  hairy  on  the  lack;  pubescence  someichat  hispid;  notomentum. 

4.  S.  bullata,  Benth.     Stem  retrorsely  hispid,  especially  on  the  angles,  1  to  3  ft. 
high;  leaves  somewhat  rugose,  nearly  all  petioled,  1  to  2  inches  long;  flowers  usually  6  in 
the  false  whorls,  these  rather  distant,  forming  a  narrow  interrupted  spike;  lower  lip  of 
the  corolla  fully  as  long  as  the  tube,  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  upper  half  as  long. — Variable. 

*  *  *  Tube  of  the  rose-red  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  6  to  9  lines  long. 

5.  S.  Chamissonis,  Benth.     Stem  2  to  5  ft.  high,  stout,  mostly  rough-hispid,  with 
retrorse  rigid  bristles;  leaves  2  to  5  inches  long;  lips  of  the  corolla  pubescent  outside. — 
Wet  ground. 

13.     TRICHOSTEMA,    L.    BLUE-CURLS. 

Calyx  campanulate  and  almost  equally  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  short  or  slender  tube  and 
an  almost  equally  5-parted  limb.  Stamens  with  long  capillary  curved  filaments,  some- 
times cohering  at  the  base. — Strong  scented  herbs;  with  entire  leaves,  and  blue  or  purple 
corolla  and  stamens.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  in  cymose  axillary  clusters,  somewhat 
raceme-like  in  age;  the  corolla  about  5  lines  long,  and  the  stamens  twice  as  long  or  more. 

1.  T.  laxum,  Gr.     Minutely  soft  pubescent,  about  a  foot  high,  simple  or  loosely 
branched  from  the  base;  leaves  rather  distant,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole  at  the  base;  flower  clusters  distinctly  peduncled,  usually  forked  and  in 
age  equaling  the  leaves;  corolla  almost  smooth. 

2.  T.  lanceolatum,  Benth.     Leafy;  leaves  much  longer  than  the  internodes,  lance- 
olate or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  3-5-nerved,  an  inch  or  less  long;  flower 
clusters  nearly  sessile,  short,  one-sided;  corolla  somewhat  pubescent. — Its  odor  sicken- 
ing, tarry. 

ORDER  46.     VEKBENACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  differing  from  Labiatce  mainly  in  the  ovary  and  fruit,  which  is  undi- 
vided and  2-4-celled,  at  maturity  either  dry  and  splitting  into  as  many  1 -seeded  nutlets, 
or  drupaceous,  containing  as  many  little  stones. 


PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE  JS.        (PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  103 

1.     VERBENA,     L. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  one  tooth  often  shorter.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  limb  unequally 
5-cleft.  Stamens  included,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  sterile.  Stigma  unequally  lobed. 
Ovary  4-celled. — Herbs  with  small  flowers,  ours  about  2  lines  in  diameter. 

1.  V.  officinalis,  L.     Some  of  the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid;  spikes  mostly  solitary, 
filiform;  corolla  purple  or  lilac,  2  or  more  lines  in  diameter. 

2.  V.  hastata,  L.     Stouter  and  taller,  3  to  6  ft.  high;  leaves  serrate  or  incised,  the 
lower  hastate-3-lobed;  spikes  panicled,  densely  flowered;  corolla  blue,  2  lines  in  diameter. 

3.  V.  prostrata,  R.  Br.     Soft  hirsute,   diffuse,  a    foot  highj  villous  spikes  long; 
corolla  violet  or  blue. 

OKDER  47.     PL  ANT  AGIN ACE  M. 

Stemless  herbs  with  flowers  in  spikes,  the  4-cleft  regular  corolla  dry  and  scarioua. 

1.    PLANTAGO,    L.     PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads,  bracteate.  Calyx  of  4  persistent  sepals  free  from  the  ovary. 
Stamens  2  or  4  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  anthers  versatile.  Style  filiform, 
bearded  above. — Stemless  herbs  with  nerved  or  ribbed  radical  leaves  and  naked  scapes  of 
small  greenish  flowers. 

*  Flowers  with  4  stamens. 

1.  P.  major,  L.     Mostly   smooth;  leaves  ovate  or   broadly  oblong,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  channeled  petiole,  5-7-ribbed;  spike  long  and  slender;  capsule  7-16-seeded. 

2.  P.  hirtella,  HBK.     Leaves  smooth,  rather  fleshy,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  3-7- 
ribbed,  tapering  into  a  narrow  base  or  wing-margined  petiole;  scape  1  to  3  ft.  high; 
flowers  large. 

3.  P.  lanceolata,    L.     Mostly  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,    3-5-ribbed;   scape  deeply 
grooved. 

4.  P.  maritima,  L.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy;  scapes  usually  short. 

5.  P.    Fatagonica,  Jacq.    Leaves  linear  to  filiform,  thin,  usually  silky- woolly. — Dry 
ground. 

*  *  Flowers  with  2  stamens. 

6.  P,     Bigelovii  Or.     Leaves  linear;  small— Salt  marshes. 


104  NYCTAGINACE-2E.       (FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY.) 


DIVISION  3.     APETAL^E. 

ORDER  48.     ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. 

Twining  shrubs  or  low  herbs  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid  calyx  valvate 
in  the  bud  and  coherent  with  the  6-celled  ovary,  which  forms  a  many-seeded  6-celled, 
pod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  6-12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  style;  anthers  adnate, 
extrorse.  Leaves  petioled,  mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Gray's  Manual. 

1.     ARISTOLOCHIA,     Tourn. 

Calyx  tubular,  inflated  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  adnate  to  the 
short  stigma. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Gr.  (Pipe-Vine.)  A  twining  shrub  with  large  cordate  leaves, 
flowers  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  greenish,  marked  with  brown  or  purple. 

2.     ASARUM,     Tourn. 

Calyx  regular,  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less  distinct  filaments; 
their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point. — Stemless  herbs  with  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  then  one  or  two  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  short 
peduncled-flower  close  to  the  ground. 

1.  A.  caudatum,  Lindl.  (Wild  Ginger.)  The  smooth  broadly  cordate  leaves 
usually  mottled  with  white;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  acuminate  lobes  spreading,  brownish 
purple.  Common  in  forests;  the  flowers  likely  to  be  hidden  under  leaves. 


ORDER  49.     NYCT  AGIN  ACE  M. 

Herbs  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  stems  swollen  at  the  joints,  the  tubular 
calyx  corolla-like,  its  persistent  base  contracted,  inclosing  the  1 -celled  1 -seeded  ovary, 
and  becoming  a  sort  of  indehiscent  pod. 

1.     ABRONIA,     Juss. 

Calyx  salverform,  with  obcordate  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included,  adnate  to  the  tube. 
Style  included;  stigma,  capitate  or  clavate.  Fruit  5-winged.  Embryo  by  abortion  mono- 
cotyledonous,  enfolding  mealy  albumen.  Low  herbs,  with  the  opposite  thick  petioled 
leaves  unequal,  and  the  flowers  in  iuvolucrate  heads.  Common  on  sandy  sea  beaches. 
A  viscid  exudation  causes  sand  to  stick  to  every  part  of  the  plants. 

1.  A.  latifolia,  Esch.  (Yellow  Sand- Verbena. )  Root  perennial;  stems  procum- 
bent; leaves  very  thick,  sub-cordate  to  reniform,  on  thick  petioles;  flowers  orange-yel« 
low,  fragrant. 


POLYGONACE2E.       (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  105 

2.  A.  umbeUata,  Lamb.     (Pink  Sand-Verbena.)     Annual;  stems  decumbent,  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  slender  petioles;  flowers  pink. 

3.  A.  maritima,  Nutt.     (Red  Sand -Verbena. )     Stouter  than  the  last;  leaves  broader 
with  shorter  petioles;  involucral  bracts  ovate;  flowers  bright  red.     From  Santa  Barbara 
southward. 

4.  A.  fragrans,  Nutt,  of  the  Columbia  River,  has  white  flowers. 

Five  other  species  belonging  to  this  western  genus  are  found  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

ORDER   50.     POLYGONACE^3. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths,  or  obsolete, 
above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem;  the  flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  per- 
sistent calyx,  a  1 -celled  ovary,  bearing  2  or  4  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  seed. 
Stamens  4-12  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3-C-cleft  calyx. 

1.     FOLYGONUM,  L. 

Calyx  5  parted;  the  divisions  petal-like,  persistent  in  fruit,  and  surrounding  the 
usually  3- angled  akene.  Stamens  3  to  8.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Herbs  with  small 
flowers  011  jointed  pedicels. 

Knot-weed  or  Yard-grass  and  Smart-weed  belong  to  this  genus.  About  20  species  are 
found  in  California,  of  which  2  or  3  are  probably  introduced  weeds. 

2.     RUMEX,  L. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals;  the  three  outer  herbaceous,  spreading  in  fruit;  the  three  inner 
larger  somewhat  petaloid,  covering  the  akene  in  fruit  (then  called  valves),  and  often 
bearing  grainlike  appendages  on  the  outside.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3;  stigmas  tufted. 
Introduced  weeds  with  small  greenish  flowers  crowded  and  whorled  in  panicled  racemes. 

The  Docks  and  Sheep-sorrel  are  examples  of  this  genus.  Of  the  dozen  species  on 
this  coast,  half  are  introduced  weeds. 

3.     ERIOGONUM,  Michx. 

Flowers  borne  in  a  many-to-few-flowered  calyx-like  involucre  of  united  bracts;  the 
pedicels  exserted,  jointed  to  the  flower,  with  bractlets  at  the  base.  Calyx  corolla-like; 
C-parted  or  deeply  6-cleft.  Stamens  9.  Akene  triangular. — Herbaceous  or  somewhat 
woody  plants,  usually  with  a  woolly  or  scurfy  pubescence;  the  entire  leaves  without 
stipules  and  mostly  radical;  juice  frequently  acid.  Over  80  species  grow  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  of  which  50  are  Californian,  mostly  Alpine. 

Chorizanthe  is  a  similar  genus,  in  which  the  involucres  are  1-flowered  and  rigid. 

Orders  AmarantacecE  and  Chenopodiacece  are  represented  by  homely  introduced  ana  native  weeds.  Many 
of  the  latter  order  belong  to  the  genus  Chenopodium,  viz..  Goosefoot,  Lamb's-quarters,  Pigweed,  Jerusalem 


106  PIPERACE.E.     (PEPPER  FAMILY.) 

Oak,  Wormsr.ed,  etc.    Salicornia  (Glasswort)  grows  in  salt  marshes,  and  may  be  known  by  its  Sc-shy  leaf- 
less jointed  stems,  with  opposite  branches.    The  garden  Beet  belongs  to  this  order. 

ORDER  61.     PIPERACE^E. 

Herbs  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers  in  spikes,  en- 
tirely destitute  of  floral  envelopes. 

1.     ANEMOPSIS,  Hook. 

Flowers  in  a  simple  conical  spadix,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  5-8-leaved  persistent 
colored  involucre,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  free  colored  bract.  Stamens  6  to  8,  free, 
growing  upon  the  immersed  ovary. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Hook.  Stem  simple,  erect,  3  to  15  inches  high,  with  a  single 
broad  clasping  leaf  in  the  middle,  and  an  axillary  branchlet  reduced  to  1  or  more  petioled 
leaves;  radical  leaves  oblong-oval,  cordate  at  base,  2  to  6  inches  long;  involucre  1  to  1^ 
inches  broad,  white,  becoming  brown.  Used  medicinally  by  the  Mexicans,  who  call  it 

Yerba,  Mansa. 

APETALOUS  TREES. 

The  Order  Betulaceae  (BIRCH  FAMILY)  is  represented  in  California  by  two  Birches, 
which  scarcely  attain  to  the  dignity  of  trees,  and  are  confined  to  the  high  Sierras,  and 
four  Alders,  two  of  which  grow  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  viz. : 

Alnus  rubra,  Bong.  (Red  Alder),  and  the  more  common 

Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nutt  (White  Alder),  which  may  be  distinguished  by  its  thinner 
leaves,  not  rusty  beneath,  and  more  slender  branches  not  so  distinctly  dotted  with  white. 

Myrica  Californica,  Cham.  (Bayberry),  representing  the  Order  Myricacese  grows  in 
moist  places,  and  may  be  known  by  its  thick  oblanceolate  serrate  evergreen  leaves  and 
dense  clusters  of  small  fruit,  whitened  by  a  coat  of  wax. 

Umbellularia  Californica,  Nutt  (Order  Lauracese),  is  the  well-known  Laurel. 

Platauus  racemosa,  Nutt,  is  the  California  Sycamore. 

The  Order  Salicaceae  is  represented  by  4  or  5  Willows;  large  enough  to  be  called 
trees,  and  3  Poplars,  viz. : 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michx.  (Quaking  Asp),  a  small  tree,  with  whitish  bark 
and  round  ovate  leaves.  In  the  high  Sierra.  The  only  Californian  tree,  except  one  or 
two  willows,  found  east  of  the  llocky  Mountains. 

P.  trichacarpa,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (Cottonwood.)     Petioles  round;  young  bark  brownish. 

P.  Fremont!,  Wat.    (Fremont's  Cottonwood. )  Petioles  flattened;  young  bark  yellowish. 

The  WALNUT  FAMILY  is  represented  by  Juglans  Californica,  the  California  Black 
Walnut. 

Ten  kinds  of  Oak  Trees,  and  several  shrubs  of  the  same  genus,  with  the  chestnut-like 
Chinquapin,  represent  the  Order  Cupuliferse.  The  following,  inhabiting  the  foot-hills 
and  valleys,  may  be  distinguished: 


CUPULIFERZE.       (OAK  FAMILY.)  107 

*  Deciduous  trees;  acorns  maturing  the  first  season. 

t  Bark  whitish  gray. —  White  Oaks. 

Quercus  lobata,  Nee.  Branches  slender,  often  drooping;  acorns  tapering,  in  a  deep 
rough  cup.  The  most  common  valley  oak. 

Q.  Garry  ana,  Dougl.  Branches  coarser  j  bark  thinner  j  acorns  obtuse,  in  a  shallow 
cup;  winter  buds  large. 

Q.  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  (Mountain  White  Oak  or  Blue  Oak.)  Leaves  smaller, 
less  deeply  lobed  or  entire,  bluish  green;  acorn  tapering,  about  an  inch  long. 

1 1  Bark  dark  colored,  rough;  large  leaves  sharply  labed. 

Q.  Kelloggii,  Newberry.  (Kellogg's  Black  Oak.)  Acorns  large,  obtuse,  very  hairy 
inside.  Common  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  *  Evergreen  trees;  acorns  maturing  the  second  season. — Live  Oaks. 

Q.  chrysolepis,  Liebm.     Bark  ash-gray;  acorns  obtuse;  cup  tawny  or  yellow. 

Q.  Wislizenii,  A.  DC.     Bark  black;  acorns  slender,  tapering. 

Q.  densiflora,  Hook.  &  Arn.  (Chestnut  Oak.)  Differing  from  all  other  oaks  in  hav- 
ing erect  aments.  Acorns  large,  obtuse,  in  thick  cups,  which  are  covered  with  slender, 
rigid,  recurved  scales. 

*  *  *  Evergreen  trees;  acorns  maturing  the  first  season. 

Q.  agrifolia,  Nee.     Chiefly  distinguished  from  Q.  Wislizenii  by  its  annual  acorns. 
Order  Thymeleaceae  is  represented  by  Dlrca  occidentalis  or  Leatherwood,  a  branching 
shrub,  3  or  4  feet  high,  with  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  of  3  or  4. 


108  ORCHIDACEJE.       (OECHIS  FAMILY.) 

CLASS  II.— ENDOGENS  OB  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  consisting  of  woody  tissue  and  cellular  tissue   (pith)  intermixed.     Embryo 
monocotyledonous. 

ORDER  52.       ALISMACE.£S. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  leaves  all  radical,  scape-like  flowering  stems,  and  (in  our  species) 
perfect  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  each  three  and  distinct.  Ovaries  3  to  many;  distinct, 
or,  at  least,  separating  at  maturity,  forming  1-2-seeded  pods.  Stamens  from  6  to  many; 
anthers  extrorse,  2-celled.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

*  Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike,  deciduous.      Carpels  6,  united.     Leaves  rush-like. 

1.     TRIGLOCHIN,    L.        ARROW-GRASS. 

Flowers  small,  sessile,  on  a  naked  scape.  Sepals  and  petals  ovate,  greenish-white. 
Stamens  6,  filaments  short.  Stigmas  sessile. 

1.  T.  maritimum,  L.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  grooved,  separating  into  6  linear  carpels; 
scape  surpassing  the  leaves,  angled — In  salt  marshes. 

*  Calyx  green  and  persistent.    Corolla  white,  deciduous.    Carpels  many,  distinct  (Alisma}, 

or  8  to  10  cohering  (Damsonium).     Leaves  long-jjetioled,  with  broad  Hade. 

2.    ALISMA,  L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  small,  verticillate,  in  a  panicle  on  a  scape.  The  numerous  ovaries  becoming 
flattened  akenes,  arranged  in  a  somewhat  three-sided  whorl. 

1.  A.  plantago,  L. ,  var.  Amsricanum,  Gr.  Leaves  long«petioled  ovate  or  oblong, 
often  cordate  at  the  base,  3-9-nerved;  scapes  1  to  4  feet  high;  the  white  or  pinkish 
petals  entire,  broadly-elliptical;  carpels  15  to  20,  obliquely  obovate,  channeled  around  the 
outer  end. 

2.    DAMSONIUM. 

Distinguished  from  Alisma  chiefly  by  the  8  to  10  long-beaked  carpels  cohering  by  their 
inner  edges  in  a  stellate  whorl. 

1.  D.  Californicum,  Torr.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with 
obtuse  or  cordate  base,  2  or  3  inches  long;  whorls  distant,  G-9-flowered,  on  scapes  12  to 
18  inches  high;  flowers  twice  as  large  as  those  of  Alisma  plantago;  the  petals  incisely 
cut  at  the  apex;  akenes  4  or  5  lines  long. 

ORDER  53.     ORCHID  ACE-ffiJ. 

Hnrbs  with  irregular  6-merous  perianth  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary;  the  ovules  innu- 
merable on  3  parietal  placentae,  becoming  fino  sawdust-like  seeds.  One  petal,  called  the 
lip,  is  unlike  the  other  two.  Stamens  consolidated  with  the  style  forming  the  Column. 


ORCHID  ACE2E.       (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  109 

*  Anther  one  (but  distinctly  2-celled.} 

Anther  adnate  to  the  face  of  the  stigma . . .  v Kabenaria.     1 

Anther  adnate  to  the  back  of  the  stigma. 

Lip  free  from  the  column Epipactis.     2 

Lip  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  column Spiranthes.     3 

Anther  like  a  lid  over  the  stigma.     (See  ADDENDA.) 

Lip  with  a  spur  adherent  to  the  ovary Corallorhiza,,     4 

*  *  Anthers  two,  one  on  each  side  of  the  column. 
Lip  a  conspicuous  inflated  sac Cypripedium.     5 

1.     H  ABENAKI  A,  Willd.,  R.  Br.     REIN  ORCHIS. 
Flowers  ringent;  the  sepals  and  petals  similar;  lip  spmiike;  ovary  twisted.    Swamps. 

1.  II.  elegans,  Lindl.     The  greenish  flowers  in  a  dense  spike;  spur  filiform. 

2.  H.  leucostaciiys.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high;  spikes  4  to  18  inches  long;  flowers 
largo,  greenish,  the  spur  longer  than  the  entire  lip,  6  to  9  lines  long. 

2.     EPIPACTIS,  Hall. 

Petals  and  sepals  similar,  spreading,  nearly  equal.  Lip  oblong,  the  upper  portion  con- 
cave and  fleshy,  the  lower  petaloid,  undivided.  Stigma  square,  projecting  downward. 

1.  E.  gigautea,  Dougl.  Leaves  plicate;  flowers  brownish  or  purplish,  pediceled  in 
a  spicate  raceme,  pubescent.  Borders  of  streams. 

3.     SPIRANTHES,  Richard.     LADIES'  TRESSES. 

Flower  oblique  on  the  ovary,  the  3  upper  segments  erect,  and  more  or  less  cohering, 
the  bases  of  the  lip  covered  by  the  remaining  two  segments,  and  bearing  a  pair  of  callosi- 
ties. Flowers  in  a  twisted  spike,  small,  green  or  greenish  white. 

S.  Romaiizoffiana,  Cham.  Smooth,  4  to  18  inches  high,  leafy;  dense  spike  3-ranked, 
bracteate;  perianth,  white,  4  lines  long;  petals  and  sepals  incurved;  callosities  small  and 
smooth. 

S.  porrifolia,  Lindl.     Similar;  flowers  smaller,  callosities  larger. 

4.   CORALLORHIZA,  Haller.     CORAL-ROOT. 

Perianth-segments  nearly  equal,  the  lower  one  (lip)  bearing  at  the  base  a  pair  of  pro- 
jecting ridges.  Brownish  or  yellowish,  leafless  herbs  with  sheathing  bracts;  flowers  in 
spiked  racemes. 

1.  C.  Eigelovii,  Wat.  Plant  purplish,  simple  stems  12  to  18  inches  high,  bearing  20 
or  30  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels;  perianth-segments  4  to  6  lines 
long,  marked  with  3  dark  stripes;  capsules  reflexed. 

5.     CYPRIFEDIUM,  L.     LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Sepals  spreading,  distinct,  or  two  lower  united.  Petals  resembling  the  sepals.  Lip  a 
large  inflated  sac.  Style  bearing  on  each  side  a  short  stamen,  the  stigma  covered  by  a 
triangular  petal-like  sterile  stamen,  which  bends  down  over  it. 


110  LILIACEJL     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.     Californicum,  Gr.     Stems  1  to  3  ft.  high,  bearing  several  to  twenty  or  more 
flowers;  lip  nearly  white,  5  to  7  lines  long.     Cool  swamps. 

2.  C.  montanuni,  Dougl.     Stems  shorter;  flowers  rarely  more  than  2  or  3;  lip  much 
larger,  white  marked  with  yellow  and  purple.     Forests. 

ORDER  54.     IRDDACE^l. 

Herbs  with  2-ranked  leaves,  the  flower  buds  inclosed  by  bracts.  Perianth  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  segments  in  two,  often  unequal,  sets.  Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  style  1,  stigmas  3,  often  petaloid. 

1.     IRIS,  L.        FLAG. 

Outer  segments  of  the  perianth  spreading  or  reflexed  and  larger  than  the  erect  or 
incurving  petals.  Stamens  distinct,  covered  by  the  petaloid  stigmas.  Plants  springing 
from  thickened  rootstocks,  with  sword-shaped  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

1.  I.    longipetala  has  large,  light  blue  flowers,  with  rather  slender  petals.     Grows 
in  masses  on  moist  hill  sides. 

2.  I.   Douglasiana  has  (usually)  light  yellow  flowers,  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth 
prolonged  considerably  beyond  the  ovary. — Open  woods. 

3.  I.    macrosiphon.  Torr.      Stems  very  short  from  a  slender  rootstock;  leaves 
slender;  flowers  bright  purple;  perianth  tube  very  long  and  slender;  ovary  tapering  to 
a  short  peduncle. 

2.     SISYRINCHIUM,  L. 

Flowers  small;  the  segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal.  Stamens  united.  Stigma  3- 
cleft.  Grass-like  plants,  with  winged  scapes. 

1.  S.  bellum,  Wat.    Flowers  blue;  ovary  globular.     Hillsides. 

2.  S.  Californicum,  Ait.  f.     Flowers  yellow,  larger;  ovary  nearly  ovoid.     Swamps. 

ORDER  55.     L.ILIACEJS. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  woody  plants,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  flowers;  the  perianth  free 
from  the  chiefly  3-celled  ovary,  with  the  divisions  all  petaloid  (except  in  Trillium  and 
Calochortus),  the  stamens  opposite  the  divisions  of  the  perianth  (in  some  Urodiwa,  3 
alternating  with  3  staminodia),  with  2-celled  anthers;  fruit  a  few-many-seeded  pod  or 
berry;  the  seeds  with  copious  albumen. 

SERIES  I.  Floral  bracts  present  and  more  or  less  scarious.  Perianth  persistent; 
segments  1-several-nerved.  Stamens  perigynous;  anthers  introrse.  Style  undivided, 
persistent  (except  in  Chlorogalum}.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  with  black  seeds  (except 
in  Smilaclna  and  Maianthemum).  See  Leucocrinum  at  the  end. 

§  1.     Inflorescence  umbellate,  upon  a  naked  scape  arising  from  a  corm  or  bulb. 
*  Bracts  2  (sometimes  4),  broad  and  spathaceous;  capsule  lobed Aliium.     1 


LILIACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  Ill 

*  *  Bracts  several,  not  spathaceous,  distinct;  capsule  not  loled. 

4-  Perianth  parted  to  the  base  or  nearly  so;  segments  spreading,  closely  2-3-nerved; 
stamens  in  one  row  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile;  capsule  obovoid  or  subglobose,  sessile 
or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  greenish-white;  pedicels  not  jointed;  leaves  several Muilla.     2 

Flowers  yellow;  pedicels  jointed;  leaf  solitary Bloomeria.     3 

4-  4-  Perianth  with  segments  more  or  less  united  and  the  stamens  on  the  throat; 
pedicels  jointed. 

Perianth  funnel- form,  not  saccate  at  the  base,  blue-purple,  white  or  yellow . .  Brodiaea.     4 
Perianth  tube  6-saccate  at  base,  deep  scarlet Brevoortia.     5 

§  2.     Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 
Flowers  on  a  scape,  blue Caxnassia.     6 

Flowers  on  a  leafy  stem,  white. 

Stem  from  a  large  densely  fibrous-coated  bulb Chlorogalum.     7 

Stem  from  a  creeping  rootstock;  leaves  cordate  to  lanceolate. 

Leaves  many,  sessile.     Flowers  3-merous Smilacina.     8 

Leaves  2  or  3,  mostly  petiolate.     Flowers  2-merous Maiantliemum.     9 

Stem  stout,  with  rigid  sheathing  bracts Yucca.  10 

SERIES  II.  Floral  bracts  none  or  foliaceous.  Perianth  deciduous  (except  in  Trillium}', 
segments  distinct.  Stamens  hypogynous  or  at  the  very  base;  anthers  more  or  less  extrorse 
(introrse  in  Trillium}.  Styles  deciduous  (or  sessile  stigmas  persistent).  Flowers  mostly 
large  and  showy.  (See  ADDENDA.) 

§  1.     Stern  more  or  less  leafy  from  a  bulb  or  corm.     Fruit  capsular. 

*  Perianth  segments  similar. 

Anthers  distinctly  versatile;  style  undivided Lilium.  11 

Anthers  obscurely  versatile;  style  divided  to  the  middle Fritillaria.  12 

*  *  Perianth  segments  unlike. 

Anthers  basifixed;  stigmas  sessile Calochortus.  13 

§  2.     Stem  from  a  rootstock.     Perianth  segments  similar.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Flowers  apparently  axillary  on  leafy  branches. Streptopus.  14 

Flowers  terminating  the  leafy  branches Frosartes.  15 

Flowers  on  a  scape-like  peduncle Clintonia.  16 

§  3.     Stem  from  a  thick  rootstock.     Perianth  segments  dissimilar. 

Flowers  umbellate  subtended  by  a  pair  of  radical  leaves Scoliopus,  17 

Flowers  solitary  subtended  by  a  cauline  whorl  of  3  leaves  Trillium.  18 

SERIES  III.  Perianth  persistent;  segments  distinct.  Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  perianth; 
anthers  extrorse,  versatile,  small,  distinctly  2-celled  (except  in  Veratrum}.  Styles  distinct. 
Flowers  in  simple  racemes  or  panicles. 


112  LILIACE.E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Stem  from  a  thick  rootstick;  leaves  broad  and  sheathing Veratrum.   19 

Stem  from  a  bulb;  leaves  narrow Zygadenus.     20 

Stem  covered  with  rigid  bracts;  leaves  grass-like Xerophyllum.  21 

1.     ALLIUM,  L.      ONION.     LEEK.     GARLIC. 

Flowers  deep  rose-color  to  white.  Capsule  sub-globose  or  obovoid,  inclosing  the  base 
of  the  style  between  the  lobes;  the  filiform  style  jointed  upon  the  short  axis.  Fila- 
ments tapering  upward  from  the  dilated  bases.  Leaves  one  to  several.  Scape  from  a 
coated  bulb  or  corm. 

§  1.     Bulbs  globose  to  ovoid,  mostly  solitary;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  2  to  4,  shorter  than  or 

equaling  the  scape. 

1.  A.  attenuifolium,  Kellogg.    Leaves  channeled;  slender  scape  6  to  15  inches  high, 
leafy  below;  spathe-valves  short  and   abruptly  acute;    umbel   usually  dense;  perianth 
segments  3  or  4  lines  long,  oblong  lanceolate,  nearly  white. 

2.  A.  serratum,  Wat.      Resembling  the  last;    leaves  very  narrow;   spathe-valves 
narrowly  acuminate;  the  deep  rose-colored  perianth  segments  4  to  6  lines  long,  broadly 
ovate-lanceolate  and  rather  rigid. 

3.  A.    bisceptmm,  Wat.     Bulbs  light-colored;  leaves  of  ten  2  or  3  lines  broad;  scapes 
frequently  in  pairs;  flowers  few  to  many,  rose-colored,  3  or  4  lines  long,  segments  oblong- 
lanceolate;  the  alternate  filaments  with  a  broad  deltoid  base;  the  thin  crests  of  the  ovary 
conspicuous. 

4.  A.     lacunosum,  Wat.    Flowers  similar  to  the  last,  usually  few  (5  to  20)  on  pedi- 
cels 3  to  5  lines  long;  filaments  all  narrowly  deltoid  at  base;  ovary  scarcely  crested. 

§2.  Bulbs  ovoid;  leaves  3,  broadly  linear,  fiat  and  falcate,  thick;  scape  stout,  much  com- 
pressed and  2-winged,  mostly  shorter  than  the,  leaves;  spathe  2-valved  ;  rose-colored 
Jlowers. 

5.  A.     falcifolium,  Hook  &  Arn.     Scape  2  or  3  inches  high;  the  spreading  segments 
of  the  perianth  4  to  6  lines  long,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style,  min- 
utely glandular-serrate;  capsule  acute  with  3  short  narrow  central  crests. 

6.  A.     Breweri,  Wat.     Segments  of  the  perianth  nearly  erect,  not  serrulate,  a  third 
longer  than  the  stamens;  ovary  with  a  thick  slightly-lobed  crest  at  the  apex  of  each  cell. 

§  3.     Bulb  an  ovoid  corm  propagating  by  an  offshoot  from  the  lower  part  of  the  tall  terete 

scape  ;  capsule  not  crested. 

7.  A.     unifolium,  Kellogg.     Scape  a  foot  or  two  high;  flowers  bright  rose-color,  5 
to  7  lines  long,  on  pedicels  an  inch  long  or  more. 

2.  MUILLA,  Watson. 
Sufficiently  characterized  in  the  synopsis  and  by  the  solitary  species. 


LILIACKE.       (LILY   FAMILY.)  113 

M.  maritima,  Wat.  Corm  small;  leaves  scabrous,  a  line  wide  or  less;  the  slei>,ler 
scabrous  scape  2  to  6  inches  high,  with  4  to  6  linear  bracts;  perianth  subrotate,  the  seg- 
oients  2  or  3  lines  long. — In  saline  localities. 

3.     BLOOMERIA,  Kellogg. 

Filaments  free,  surrounded  by  a  somewhat  cap-shaped  and  winged  appendage.  One 
species  only. 

B.  aurea,  Kellogg.  Corm  small,  leaf  3  to  6  lines  broad;  scabrous  scape  6  to  18 
inches  high;  flowers  numerous  on  slender  pedicels,  subrotate,  the  segments  4  to  6  lines* 
long;  appendages  of  the  filaments  nearly  a  line  long,  with  a  terminal  cusp. 

4.     BRODLSA,  Smith. 

Perianth  more  or  less  narrowly  funnel-form,  not  contracted  at  the  throat.  Stamens  6 
in  one,  or  two  rows  with  winged  or  naked  filaments,  or  3  and  alternate,  with  as  many 
staminodia.  Capsule  ovoid  to  oblong. 

Stamens  in  one  row  on  the  throat;  anthers  basifixed;  purplish  perianth  mostly  broadly 
funnel-form,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  limb. — §  1.  Eubrodicea. 

Stamens  in  two  rows  (except  in  B.  Bridgesii),  with  more  or  less  distinctly  versatile 
anthers  and  naked  filaments;  capsule  stipitate;  perianth  segments  equaling  or  shorter 
than  the  mostly  narrow  tube. — §  2.  Seubertia. 

Stamens  in  one  row,  with  deltoid  or  wing  dilated  filaments  and  versatile  anthers;  cap- 
sule stipitate;  perianth  segment  twice  longer  than  the  turbinate  tube. — §3.  Calliprora. 

§  1.     Eubrodicea. 

*  Stamens  3,  opposite  the  inner  segments,  and  alternate  with  as  many  staminodia;  seg- 
ments 2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  tube. 

•I-  Pedicels  (usually  few)  more  or  less  elongated. 

1.  B.  grandiflora,  Smith.    Leaves  a  line  broad,  subterete;  scape  4  to  10  inches  high; 
flowers  an  inch  long;  staminodia  entire,  obtuse,  about  equaling  the  linear  anthers;  fila- 
ments H  lines  long  or  more;  capsule  oblong,  narrowed  at  base;  cells  6-8-seeded;  seeds  a 
line  long. 

Var.  major,  Benth.  Leaves  flattened  broader;  scape  stouter,  a  foot  or  two  high; 
pedicels  more  numerous  and  longer;  capsules  with  usually  a  broader  base;  seeds  larger. 

2.  B.  minor,  Wat.     Scape  very  slender,  3  to  6  inches  high;  flowers  a  half  to  an 
inch  long;  staminodia  broad  and  usually  emarginate,  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers; 
capsule  obovoid.  acute,  3  lines  long;  cells  3-seeded. 

3.  B.  terrestris,  Kellogg.      Leaves  nearly  terete;  scape  very  short;  pedicels  very 
slender,  3  or  4  inches  long;  flowers  8  or  10  lines  long;  staminodia  emarginate,  yellow, 
exceeding  the  oblong  sagittate  anthers;  capsule  acute  at  base,  a  half  inch  long;  cells  G-8- 
eeedcd. 


114  LILIACE.E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

4-  4-  Flowers  subcapitate. 

4.  B.  congesta,  Smith.     Corm  often  deep-seated;  scape  2  to  4  ft.  high,    smooth; 
umbel  often  produced  into  a  short  dense  raceme;  flowers  about  9  lines  long;  staminodia 
deeply  cleft,  exceeding  the  nearly  sessile  emarginate  anthers;  capsule  ovoid;  seeds  usually 
solitary,  2  lines  long. 

5.  B.  multiflora,  Benth.      Corm  less  deeply  seated;  scape  1  or  2  ft.  high,  some- 
what scabrous;  umbel  not  produced;  staminodia  broad,  entire,  obtuse,  about  equaling 
the  anthers;  seeds  several  in  each  cell. 

*  *  Stamens  6,  those  opposite  the  inner  perianth  segments  with  their  short  filaments  con- 

spicuously  wing-appendayed;  segments  little  longer  than  the  tube;  flowers  subcapitate. 

6.  B.  capitata,  Benth.     Scape  usually  1  or  2  ft.  high;  flowers  6  to  10  lines  long; 
outer  filaments  dilated  at  the  base;  inner  anthers  linear,  little  shorter  than  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  wings;  ovoid  capsule  3  lines  long. 

§  2.     Seubertia. 

*  Perianth  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base;  umbel  open;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  rarelij 

white. 

7.  B.  Bridges!!,  Wat.     Scape  a  foot  high  or  more;  flowers  12  to  15  lines  long,  the 
very  narrow  tube  exceeding  the  segments;  filaments  deltoid  in  one  row  on  the  throat; 
anthers  linear,  2  lines  long;  capsule  ovoid  shorter  than  the  stipe,  beaked  by  the  very 
slender  style;  seeds  2  or  3  in  each  cell. 

8.  B.  laxa,  Wat.     Scape  6  inches  to  2  ft.  high,  smooth  or  scabrous;  flowers  few  to 
many,  12  to  20  lines   long,  the  very  narrow  tube  equaling  or  exceeding  the  segments; 
filaments  very  slender,  the  upper  on  the  throat  opposite  the   inner  segments;  capsule 
oblong,  long-stipitate;  style  rather  short;  seeds  several. 

9.  B.  peduncularis,  Wat.     Scape  1  or  2  ft.  high,  smooth;  flowers  6  to  9  lines  long, 
on  very  slender  pedicels,  the  segments  a  little  longer  than  the  turbinate  tube;  lower 
anthers  sessile,  the  upper  on  short  filaments;  stipe  1  or  2  lines  long. 

B.  crocea  Wat.  and  B.  gracilis,  Wat.,  with  yellow  flowers,  grow  in  the  northern  counties.    The  latter 
only  2  to  4  inches  high;  leaf  solitary. 

§  3.     Calliprora. 

10.  B.  ixioides,  Wat.     Scape  3  inches   to  2  ft.    high,   usually  scabrous;  flowers 
yellow,  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple  or  nearly  white  (the  brown  mid- vein  often  double 
or  triple),  5  to  10  lines  long,  on  pedicels  1  to  4  inches  long;  filaments  winged  their  whole 
length,  bicuspidate  above;  capsule  ovoid-oblong. 

11.  B.  lactea,  Wat.     Scape  usually  1  or  2  ft.  high,  smoother  scabrous;  flowers  white, 
•with  green  mid-veins  or  sometimes  purplish,  4  or  5  lines  long  on  slender  pedicels;  filaments 
deltoid,  a  line  long;  capsule  subglobose. — A  stouter  form  north. 

Stropholirion  Californicuni,  Torr.,  may  be  distinguished  from  Brodicea  by  its  rose- 


(LILY  FAMILY.)  115 

colored  saccate  perianth,  and  lax  often  twining  scape.    The  short  perianth  tube  contracted 
at  the  throat  and  the  nearly  sessile  ovary  separates  it  from  Brevoortia. 

5.     BREVOORTIA,  Wood. 

Perianth-tube  broad,  6-saccate  at  base,  deep  scarlet,  several  times  longer  than  the  short 
erect  or  reflexed  yellowish  limb.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  three  broad  truncate  stam- 
tnodia;  anthers  basifixed,  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  long-stipitate. 

1.  B.  coccinea,  Wat.  Scape  erect,  1  to  3  ft.  high,  with  reddish  bracts;  pedicels  G 
to  15,  an  inch  long  or  less;  flowers  12  to  16  lines  long. — Sometimes  called  Vegetable  Fire 
Cracker. 

6.     CAMASSIA,  Lindl. 

Perianth-segments  narrow,  widely  spreading,  mostly  deciduous.  Style  thread-like, 
the  base  persistent.  Flowers  in  a  loose  raceme. 

1.  C.  esculenta,  Lindl.  (Wild  Hyacinth  or  Camass).  Scape  stout,  1  to  2  ft. 
high;  leaves  flat,  3  to  8  lines  broad;  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  dark-blue  (rarely 
white)  flowers;  the  perianth-segments  7  to  15  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  stamens. 

The  tunicated  bulb  is  an  article  of  food  among  the  Indians. 

7.     CHLOROGALUM,  Kunth. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish,  in  loose  paniculate  racemes;  bulbs  with  membranous  01 
densely  fibrous  coats. 

G.  pomeridianum,  Kunth.  (Soap  Root.)  Bulb  large,  thickly  coated  with  coarse 
brown  fibers;  stem  and  spreading  panicle  1  to  3  ft.  high.  Flowers  purple- veined,  8  to  10 
lines  long  on  spreading  pedicels  2  to  9  lines  long. 

C.  augustifolium,  Kellogg.     Bulb-coat,  thin;  flowers  smaller,  greenish-veined. 

8.     SMILACINA,  Desf.    FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Flowers  small  white,  trimerous,  with  minute  scarious  bracts,  in  a  racemose  panicle  or 
simple  raceme  on  an  erect  leafy  stem.  Stamens  at  the  base;  filaments  subulate;  the 
Bhort  anthers  versatile.  Style  short,  persistent;  stigma  3-lobed. 

1.  S.     amplexicaulis,  Nutt.     Leaves  pubescent,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rarely  at  all 
acuminate,  mostly  clasping  at  base;    the  close  raceme  compound,  berries  reddish. 

2.  S.     stellata,  Desf.     Leaves  smooth  or  pubescent,  lanceolate,    acutish,    closely 
clasping,  usually  ascending  and  folded;  raceme  simple,  few-flowered,  about  an  inch  long; 
perianth-segments  2  or  3  lines  long  exceeding  the  pedicels;  berry  3  lines  broad,  blue- 
black. 

3.  S.     sessilifolia,  Nutt.     Taller  than  the  last  (a  foot  or  two  high)  leaves  acumi- 
nate, usually  flat  and  spreading;  raceme  larger,  the  pedicels  2  to  7  lines  long;  berry  3  to 
5  lines  in  diameter,  blue-black. 

9.     MAI  ANTHEM  UM,  Weber. 

Flowers  white,  in  a  simple  narrow  raceme;  perianth  4-parted;  stamens  4.  Leaves  2 
or  3,  with  cordate  base.  Berry  red.  Otherwise  as  Smilacina. 


116  LILIACE^.     (LILY  FAMILLY.) 

M.  bifolium,  DC.  Somewhat  pubescent;  about  six  inches  high;  leaves  ovate-cor- 
date with  a  broad  sinus;  style  long  and  slender;  berry  2  lines  in  diameter. 

10.     YUCCA,  L. 

Perianth  campanulate,  white  or  whitish;  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  many  nerved, 
Filaments  clavate;  anthers  small.  Style  stout  and  persistent  (or  none);  the  emarginate 
stigmas  connate  into  a  stigmatic  tube. 

1.  IT.  Wkipplel,  Torr.  Caudex  none  or  short;  leaves  rigid,  serrulate,  smooth, 
ending  in  a  brown  spine;  scape  4  to  12  ft.  high  with  imbricated  sheathing  bracts;  panicle 
narrow  and  spike-like,  dense;  greenish-white  flowers  sub-rotate;  segments  oblong, 
lanceolate,  ,1  or  2  inches  long;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed, 

11.     LILIT7M,  Tourn.      LILT. 

Perianth-segments  spreading  or  recurved,  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  at  the  base. 
Anthers  linear,  distinctly  versatile.  Style  long;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  not  sharply 
angled;  seeds  flat.  Stem  simple,  bearing  many  whorled  or  scattered  sessile  leaves  and 
one  to  many  showy  flowers. 

*  Perianth-segments  narrowing  gradually  into  a  claw. 

1.  L.     rubescens,    Wat.      Leaves  oblanceolate  more  or  less  verticillate;  flowers 
ascending  or  nearly  erect,  usually  1^  or  2  inches  long,  with  re  volute  segments,  pale 
lilac  or  nearly  white,  becoming  rose-purple;  anthers  2  or  3  lines  long. 

L.  Washingtonianum,  Kellogg,  of  the  northern  counties,  is  much  larger,  the 
fragrant  white  flowers  3  or  4  inches  long. 

*  *  Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  yellow  or  orange,  coarsely  spotted  with  brown. 

2.  L.     maritinmm.  Kellogg.     Stem  rather  low;  leaves  usually  scattered;  narrow, 
often  obtuse;  flowers  solitary  or  few,  horizontal,  l£  to  2  inches  long,  deep  reddish- 
orange.     Style  and  stamens  short,  anthers  2  lines  long. 

3.  L.     parclalinum,  Kellogg  (Tiger  Lily).      Rhizome  thick  and  branching;  scales 
jointed  below;  leaves  flat,  smooth,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  middle  in  whorls  of 
9  to  15;  flowers  bright  orange  red,  lighter  to  yellow  in  the  center,  2  or  3  inches  long; 
segments  strongly  re  volute;  anthers  4  or  5  lines  long. 

L.  PARRTI,  WAT.,  of  San  Bernadino  Co.,  has  pale  yellow  flowers. 

L.  PARVTJM  KELLOGG,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  has  small  yellow  cr  orange  flowers  on  large  stems  from 

rhizomatous  bulb. 
L.  OOLUMCIANUM,  HANSON,  of  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  resembles  L.  PARDALINUM;  but  the  bulb 

is  small ,  not  rhizomatous. 
L.  HUMBOLDTII,  closely  resembles  the  last,  but  has  a  large  bulb,  10  to  20  leaves  in  a  whorl,  larger 

flowers  and  an  obovoid  capsule. 

12.     FHITILLARIA,  L. 

Perianth  segments  mostly  broader  than  in  Lilium  and  concave;  the  anthers  more 
obscurely  versatile.  Nectary  a  shallow  pit.  Styles  united  to  the  middle  in  our  species. 


LiLiACE.32.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  117 

Bulb-scales  mostly  short,  very  thick;  the  flowers  18  lines  or  less  in  length;  frequently 

mottled. 

*  Capsule  rather  obtusely  angled;  bulb-scales  3  or  4  lines  long. 

1.  P.     recurva,  Benth.      Bulb-scales  numerous  and  thick;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
mostly  in  two  whorls  near  the  middle  of  the  stem;  flowers  1  to  7,  tinged  or  blotched 
with  light  purple  or  scarlet,  12  to  18  lines  long;  segments  narrowly  oblanceolate  with 
recurved  tips;  stamens  shorter,  equaling  the  very  slender  style.    Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  F.     liliacea,  Lindl.     (Green  Lily.)      Bulb-scales  few,  very  thick;  leaves  oblan- 
ceolate to  linear,  approximate  or  whorled  near  the  base;  flowers  1  to  5  greenish  white 
(not  blotched),  8  to  12  lines  long,  segments  oblanceolate,  spreading;  style  stout. 

3.  F.     biflora,  Lindl.     Usually  low;  bulb-scales  few,  ovoid,  often  tipped  with  a 
small  scarious  blade;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  few,  scattered  or 
somewhat  whorled  near  the  base:  flowers  1  to  3,  dark  brownish  or  greenish  purple,  seg- 
ments widely  spreading;  capsule  broadly  obovoid. 

*  *  Capsule  acutely  angled  or  winged;  bulb-scales  thicJc,  about  6  lines  long. 

4.  F.     lanceolata,  Pursh.     Leaves  in  1  to  3  whorls  above  the  middle  of  the  stem; 
flowers  1  or  2,  brownish  purple  mottled  with  greenish  yellow;  segments  narrowly  oblan- 
ceolate; stamens  G  or  8  lines  long. 

Var.  floribunda,  Benth.  Flowers  4  to  8,  or  rarely  fewer,  greenish  yellow  blotched 
with  purple;  segments  4  to  6  lines  broad,  strongly  arched  with  broad  nectaries,  acute; 
lower  pedicels  an  inch  long  or  more. 

Var.  gracilis,  Wat.     Flowers  smaller  than  the  last,  with  narrow  segments. 

5.  F.  parviflora,  Torr.     Leaves  linear,  whorled;  flowers  small  on  short  recurved 
pedicels,  yellowish,  tinged  with  purple.     Sierra  Nevada. 

F.  plurifloia,  Torr.,  with  styles  united  to  the  summit,  a  tall  species  with  reddish 
purple  flowers,  grows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

13.     CALOCHORTUS,  Pursh. 

Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  broadly  campanulate;  the  outer  segments  sepaloid, 
the  inner  dilated  and  mostly  with  pitted  and  boarded  or  crested  glands.  Stigmas  sessile, 
distinct,  recurved,  persistent.  Capsule  usually  deeply  triquetrous.  Stem  usually 
branched  and  lax  or  flexuous,  from  a  coated  corm,  sparingly  leafy;  leaves  with  transverse 
veinlets. 

Inner  perianth-segments  strongly  arched  and  broadly  pitted,  the  gland  usually  with  r, 
transverse  scale  or  fringe;  flowers  or  fruit  more  or  less  nodding,  and  stem  usually  lax. — 
§  1.  Eucali/chortus. 

Flowers  open-campanulate  with  usually  densely  hairy  glands  without  scales;  outer  seg- 
ments often  hairy  or  glandular  within;  pedicels  stout,  erect;  stems  stouter. — §  2.  Hari- 
posa. 

§  1.     Eucalyckortus. 

*  Flowers  subglobose,  nodding  ;  stem  usually  tall  and  branching. 


118  LILIACEJS.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.     albus,  Dougl.     (Snowy  Lily- Bell.)     Stem  1  to  3  ft.  high;  flowers  white  with 
purplish  base;  petals  acutish,  an  inch  long;  bearded  and  eiliate;  gland  lunate,  with  four 
transverse  imbricate  fringed  scales. 

2.  C.     pulchellus,  Dougl.     (Golden  Lily-Bell. )     Stem  usually  a  foot  high  or  more; 
flowers  yellow  or  orange;  petals  eiliate  and  bearded  with  glandular  tipped  hairs,  deeply 
pitted,  the  gland  covered  by  the  reflexed  stiff  hairs  of  its  upper  margin.     Coast  Range. 

*  *  Flowers  campanulate,  erect  when  open;  pedicels  becoming  recurved;  stem  mostly  low 
and  flowers  often  subumbellate. 

3.  C.     Benthami,  Baker.     Resembling  the  last;  stem  low  and  leaves  narrow;  tha 
yellow  flowers  nearly  erect,  petals  6  lines  long,  mostly  obtuse,  often  deep  brown  at  base. 
Sierra  Nevada. 

4.  C.     Maweanus,  Leichtlin.     Low,  usually  branched;  bracts  an  inch  long  or  more; 
petals  white,  purplish  at  base,  hairy,  6  to  8  lines  long,  somewhat  pitted,  the  gland  cov- 
ered by  a  broad  semicircular  scale.     Coast  Range. 

5.  C.     caeruleus,    Wat.     Low,  umbellately  2-5-flowered;    pedicels   very  slender, 
petals  6  or  7  lines  long,  hairy,  lilac  dotted  and  lined  with  blue,  the  gland  covered  by  a 
fringed  scale;  capsule  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  C  lines  long.     Sierra  Nevada. 

6.  C.     midus,  Wat.     Low;  leaf  solitary,  3  to  10  lines  broad;  bracts  rarely  an  inch 
long;  flowers  1  to  C  in  an  umbel;  petals  4  to  10  lines  long,  white  or  pale  lilac,  without 
hairs,  denticulate.     Sierra  Nevada. 

7.  C.     lilacinus,  Kellogg.     Stem  bulbiferous  near  the  base,  with  broad  leaves  and 
long  conspicuous  bracts;  flowers  4  to  10,  on  long  pedicels  in  1  to  3  umbels;  petals  pale 
lilac  with  purplish  claw,  6  to  12  lines  long;  somewhat  hairy  below  the  middle;  gland 
ciliate-margined,  scale  narrow;  capsule  elliptical,  an  inch  long.     Coast  Range. 

8.  C.     uniflorus,  Hook  &  Arn.     Stem  very  short,  bulbiferous,  1-2-flowered;  petals 
lilac  with  purplish  claw,   the  lower  half  hairy  above  the  small  purple  densely   hairy 
gland.     Coast  Range. 

§  2.     Mariposa.     Butterfly  Lily. 

*  Flowers  yellow  or  orange,  marked  with  brown  or  purple. 

9.  C.     Weedii,  Wood.     Corm  fibrous  coated;  stem  leafy,  1-3-flowered;  leaves  con- 
volute;  sepals  with  a  slightly  hairy  brown  spot;  petals  deep  yellow,  dotted  and  often 
margined  with  purple,  covered  with  slender  hairs  and  eiliate  an  inch  long  or  more;  gland 
small,  densely  hairy.     Coast  Range. 

10.  C.     luteus,  Dougl.     Stem  bulbiferous  near  the  base,  1-6-flowered;  leaves  nar- 
row; sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  with  a  brown  spot;  petals  an  inch  or  two  long,  yellow  to 
deep  orange,   lined  with  brownish  purple  especially  on  the  middle  where  it  is  slightly 
hairy;  claw  purplish;  gland  round  or  somewhat  lunate,  densely  covered  with  ascending 
hairs.     Variable  in  color  and  markings,  perhaps  running  into  C.  venustus.     Coast  and 
Sierra  Nevada. 


LILIACE.E.       (LILY   FA!\IILY.)  119 

11.  C.  venustus,  Benth.  Petals  white  or  pale  lilac,  with  a  more  or  less  conspicu- 
ous reddish  spot  at  top,  a  brownish  yellow-bordered  center,  and  a  brownish  base;  gland 
large,  oblong,  usually  densely  hairy.  Var.  purpurascens  has  deep  lilac  or  purplish  petals. 
Coast  Range. 

14.  STREPTOPUS,  Michx. 

The  pendulous  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  thread-like  peduncles,  which  bend 
around  from  nearly  opposite  the  leaves  so  as  to  appear  axillary.  Anthers  sagittate. 

1.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC.  (Twisted  Stalk.)  Leaves  very  smooth,  strongly  clasp- 
ing; flowers  greenish  white,  half  an  inch  long;  fruit  a  slightly  3-lobed  reddish  berry. 

15.  PRO3ARTES,  D.  Don. 

Flowers  in  fascicles  or  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  white  or  greenish,  sub-erect 
or  pendulous;  segments  acute  or  acuminate.  Anthers  on  slender  filaments,  oblong, 
obtuse,  dehiscing  laterally.  Styles  united.  Fruit  a  somewhat  fleshy,  obtusely-lobed 
reddish  berry.  Leaves  with  reticulated  veinlets. 

1.  P.     Hookeri,  Torr.     More  or  less  rough-pubescent,  with  short  usually  spreading 
hairs;  leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  oblong,  cordate-clasping  base,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate; 
perianth  usually  rather  broad  at  base,  spreading  segments  acute,  5  or  6  lines  long,  about 
equaling  the   stamens;    ovary  pubescent,    stigma   entire;  fruit  obovoid,  obtuse.     Coast 
Range. 

2.  P.     trachyandra,  Torr.     Resembling  the  last;  leaves  less  deeply  cordate  and 
broader  toward  the  apex;  stamens  a  third  shorter  than  the  perianth;  ovary  smooth;  fruit 
beaked.     Sierra  Nevada. 

P.  Menziesii,  Don.,  of  the  northern  coast  has  ovate  leaves  and  a  3-cleft  stigma. 

16.     CLINTONIA,   Raf. 

Flowers  in  our  species  umbellate  upon  a  scape-like  peduncle,  rose-colored.  Ovary 
2-celled;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  deep-blue  berry.  Leaves  radical;  large  oblan- 
ccolate,  sheathing,  ciliate. 

1.  C.  Andre  wsiana,  Torr.  Scape  a  foot  or  two  high,  usually  with  a  foliaceous 
bract  and  one  or  more  few-flowered  lateral  fascicles;  inflorescence  more  or  less  pubescent; 
flowers  suberect,  deep  rose-color,  the  oblanceolate  segments  gibbous  at  base,  4  to  7  lines 
long,  exceeding  the  stamens  and  style. 

C.  uniflora,  Kunth.,  has  a  large  solitary  white  flower  on  a  short  scape.  Sierra  Nevada  and  North 
Coast. 

17.     SCOLIOPUS,  Torr. 

Flowers  purplish,  on  slender  flexuose  pedicels;  outer  segments  lanceolate,  inner  nar- 
rowly linear.  Anthers  oblong;  filaments  short.  Style  short;  stigmas  recurved.  Fruit 
triquetrous.  Whole  plant  brown -punctate,  smooth. 

1.  S.  Bigelovii,  Torr.  Leaves  oval-elliptic  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  4  to  15  inches 
long;  pedicels  3  to  12,  3  to  8  inches  long. 


120  LILIACES.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

13.    TRILLIUM,  L.      THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE. 

Flowers  white  to  purple;  outer  segments  green,  inner  petaloid.  Anthers  adnate 
introrse.  Stigmas  linear,  sessile.  Stem  bearing  at  the  top  a  single  whorl  of  3  broad 
net  ted- veined  leaves. 

1.  T.     cessilo,  L.  var.  Californicum,  Wat.     The  sessile  leaves  broadly  rhombic- 
ovate,  3  to  6  inches  long;  flower  sessile,  petals  oblanceolate  to   rhombic-ovate,  1  to  4 
inches  long,  purple  or  rose-color  or  white. 

2.  T.     ovaturn,  Pursh.     (Wake  Robin.)     Leaves  similar  to  the  last,  smaller;  flower 
on  a  pedicel,  white,  turning  rose-color. 

19.   VERATHUM,    Tourn.        FALSE  HELEBORE. 

Perianth ,  slightly  adherent  to  tho  ovary.  Anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  peltate  after 
opening.  Capsule  membranous,  3-beaked.  Stems  stout  and  leafy  from  thick  rootstocks. 

1.  V.  Californicum,  Durand.     Stem  several  feet  high;  lower  leaves  broad -elliptical, 
upper  leaves  lanceolate;  bracts  usually  exceeding  the  pedicels;  perianth-segments  broadly 
oblanceolate,  whitish  with  greener  base,  often  denticulate,  3  to  8  lines  long;  capsule  an 
inch  long. — Moist  places. 

2.  V.  ilmbriatum,   Gr.     Leaves  narrowed  at  base,  6  to  18  inches  long,  2  to  G  inches 
wide,   acute  or  acuminate;  perianth-segments  rhombic-ovate  3  to  5  lines  long:   capsule 
4  lines  long. — Swamps. 

20.     ZYGADENUS,  Michx. 

Flowers  white  or  greenish,  erect  in  paniculate  or  simple  racemes.  Perianth-segments 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  mostly  glandular  and.  somewhat  narrowed  at  base. 

1.  Z.     Fromontii,  Torr.    Stem  6  inches  to  3  ft.  high;  leaves  glaucous,  an  inch  broad, 
or  less;  bracts  mostly  green;  perianth  3  to  7  lines  long,  gland  irregular  and  notched  on 
its  upper  margin.     Flowers  perfect. 

2.  Z.     venenosus,  Wat.     Stem  slender,  6  inches  to  2  ft.  high;  leaves  rarely  over  2 
or  3  lines  broad,  scabrous;  raceme  simple,  rarely  compound,  short,  with  narrow  scarioua 
bracts;  perianth-segments  2  or  3  lines  long.     Flowers  polygamous. 

21.     XSROPHYLLUM,  Michx. 

Flowers  white,  in  a  sub-pyramidal  many -flowered  raceme.  Styles  reflexed  or  recoiled, 
Btigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Cauline  leaves  numerous,  setaceous. 

1.  X.  tenax,  Nutt.  Stem  2  to  5  ft.  high;  leaves  about  2  lines  broad,  often  2  or  3 
ft.  long;  raceme  becoming  a  foot  or  more  long;  perianth-segments  oblong,  4  or  5  lines 
long,  scarcely  equaling  the  stamens. 

LEUCOCRINUM  MONTANTTM,  Nutt.,  is  an  acaulesoent  plant  which  produces  4  to  8  fragrant  -white 
flowers  on  short  perlicela  arising  from  a  subterranean  stem;  the  slender  tube  of  the  saiver-forin  perianth 
an  inch  or  two  long.— Sandy  valleys. 

Order  ARACE.3D  is  represented  by  SYMJ  T.OCARPUS  KAMTSCHATICTT9  Bong.  (Skunk  Tabbnpo)  a 
inarth  plant  \\ith  large  erect  leaves,  the  liesny  spudix  becomiug  aa  oblong-ovoid  fruit  two  or  threa 
inches  in  length. 


ADDENDA. 


[To  PAGE  CO.] 

CBnothera  albicaulis,  Nutt.  Steins  white,  erect,  \  to  4  ft.  high;  leaves  linear  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  repand-denticulate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  toward  the  base,  1  to 
3  inches  long;  flowers  axillary,  white  becoming  pinkish,  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter;  calyx 
tube  an  inch  long  or  less;  capsule  an  inch  or  two  long. — Sand  hills  near  Antioch. 

[To  PAGE  C2.] 

Mentsolia  Lindleyi,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Slender,  1  to  3  ft.  high,  branched;  leaves  ovate 
to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  or  coarsely  sinuate- 
toothed;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal;  calyx  lobes  5  to  9  lines  long,  lanceolate;  petals 
obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  an  inch  long. — Corral  Hollow,  Mt.  Hamilton. 

[To  PAGE  82.] 

Pliacelia  Douglasii,  Torr.  Pubescent  and  hirsute  with  mostly  spreading  hairs; 
leaves  elongated-oblong  or  linear,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted  into  pairs  of  lobes,  the 
terminal  lobo  hardly  longer  than  the  others;  flowers  loosely  racemose,  long-pecliceled; 
calyx  lobes  spatulate.  Low  spreading  stems  with  blue  flowers  resembling  NemopJiila 

insignis. — Autioch,  A.  A.  Bailey. 

[To  PAGE  80.] 

Convolvulus  arvensis,  L.  (Bindweed. )  Stems  procumbent  and  twining  from  deep 
rootstocks;  leaves  hastate  to  sagittate,  £  to  1J  inches  long;  peduncles  mostly  1 -flowered, 
with  a  pair  of  minute  bracts  near  the  center;  corolla  a  half  to  nearly  an  inch  long,  white, 
tinged  with  brownish  red. — A  troublesome  weed  now  abundant  in  San  Jose,  Stockton, 
Oakland,  etc.  The  flowers  appear  late  in  the  dry  season. 

[To  PAGE  88.} 

Solanum  Carolinenss,  L.  (Horse  Nettle.)  Stems  prickly;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed,  rough  with  stellate  hairs,  yellow  prickles  along  the  midrib,  and  on  the 
calyx;  flowers  pale  blue  or  white,  large;  berries  globular,  orange-yellow. — Introduced  at 
Vallejo,  C.  B.  Towle. 

[To  PAGE  91.] 

Tonella  Collinsioidos,  Nutt.  A  slender  plant  distinguished  from  Collinsia  by  the 
leaves,  some  of  them  being  3-parted.  Flowers  minute,  the  tube  slightly  gibbous; 
stamens  free  from  the  lower  lobe  of  the  limb;  capsule  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx. 
— Mariii  Co.,  Mrs  Oaldey. 

[To  PAGE  91.] 

Pentstemon  centrantliifolius,  Benth.  Glaucous,  strict  and  virgate,  leafy  1  to  3  ft. 
high;  leaves  thick,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile;  corolla  deep  and  bright  red,  tubular,  an 
inch  or  more  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  very  short;  sterile  filament  naked.  A  showy 
species  well  worth  cultivating  for  its  deep  vermilion  flowers. — Very  abundant  on  the 
sand-hills  near  Antioch.  A.  A.  Bailey. 


122  ADDENDA. 

[To  PAGE  26.] 

Viola  glabslla,  Nutt.  Stems  5  to  12  inches  high,  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  erect, 
leafy  above,  with  a  few  bracts  below;  leaves  cordate  to  reniform,  acute,  serrate  or  creuate; 
flowers  yellow,  veined  with  purple. — Redwoods. 

[To  PAGE  31.] 

Eida  hederacea,  Torr.  .Stems  decumbent;  leaves  reniform,  one-sided,  irregularly 
crenate  or  dentate;  flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  half  an  inch  long,  yellowish; 
calyx  with  one  or  two  slender  bractlets. 

[To  PAGE  105.] 

Folygonum  Paronychia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Stems  woody,  prostrate,  leafy;  leave? 
linear,  revolute,  the  midrib  channeled,  and  each  side  ciliolate;  the  pinkish  flowers  in 
dense  spikes. — Common  near  the  coast. 

[To  PAGE  108.] 

Bagittaria  variabilis,  Engelm  (?).  Flowers  in  whorls  of  three  on  an  angled  scape, 
one  to  several  feet  high,  the  upper  flowers  on  longer  pedicels  and  steril;  calyx  green; 
petals  broad,  3  or  4  lines  long,  white;  stamens  many;  ovaries  forming  a  head  of  beaked 
achenia. — A  marsh  herb,  with  obtuse,  sagittate  leaves,  or  some  (without  a  true  blade) 
linear. 

[To  PAGE  109.] 

Calypso  borealis,  Salisb.  Bulb  globular,  solid,  bearing  a  1 -flowered  scape,  5  or  6 
inches  in  height,  and  a  solitary  ovate  leaf;  sepals  and  petals  linear,  pinkish,  the  lip  slip- 
per-shaped, 2-pointed  underneath  the  apex,  an  inch  long,  variegated  purple  and  yellow. 
Moist  woods,  Duncan's  Mill,  Russian  Paver.  Miss  Wood. 

[To  PAGE  111.] 

Erythronium  graiidiflorum,  Pursh.  Var.  (?)  Scape  arising  from  an  oblong  corm, 
which  bears  a  pair  of  broad  leaves;  flowers  lily-like,  racemose  or  solitary,  yellowish,  an 
inch  or  two  long. — Healdsburg,  7?.  77.  Thomson.  Cloverdale. 

E.  Hartwegi,  Wat.,  has  usually  mottled  leaves,  the  flowers  solitary,  or  two  or  three 
in  a  sessile  umbel. — Yuba  Co.,  E.  K.  Hill. 

E.  purpurasceiis,  Wat.,  may  be  known  by  its  large  bulb,  undulate  leaves  and  purple 
tinged  flowers. — Sierra  Nevada. 

[To  PAGE  18.] 

Ranunculus  Bloomeri,  Wat.  Very  smooth;  hollow  stems  a  foot  high;  leaves  3- 
foliolate  or  entire,  leaflets  entire  or  nearly  so;  petals  5,  mostly  cuneate-oblong,  emar- 
ginate,  veiny;  carpels  straight-beaked. — Wet  ground  about  San  Francisco  Bay.  Vallejo, 
C.  B.  Towle.  West  Berkley;  Baden;  San  Pvafael,  etc. 

[To  PAGE  80.] 

Polemonium  carneum,  Gr.  Branches  3-5-flowered;  corolla  salmon-color  or  flesh- 
color  sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  across;  stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  corolla. 


GLOSSARY. 


ABORTION,  the  imperfect  formation  or  ab- 
sence of  a  part. 

ABRUPT,  ending  suddenly. 

ACAULESCENT,  apparently  stemless. 

ACCUMBENT,  the  radicle  lying  against  the 
edges  of  the  cotyledons. 

ACEROSE,  needle-shaped,  like  pine  leaves. 

ACUMINATE,  ending  in  a  tapering  point. 

ACUTE,  merely  sharp-pointed. 

ADNATE,  growing  fast  to.  "When  the  an- 
ther seems  to  be  attached  by  its  whole 
length  to  the  filament. 

AGGREGATE,  crowded  into  a  cluster. 

AKENE,  a  1 -seeded  seed-like  fruit. 

ALBUMEN,  nourishment  in  the  seed  not 
forming  part  of  the  embryo. 

ANDROUS,  refers  to  stamens. 

ANTERIOR,  on  the  side  of  the  flower  next 
the  bract. 

APETALOUS,  without  petals. 

APPRESSED,  lying  flat,  or  close  together. 

ASCENDING,  rising  obliquely. 

ATTENUATE,  tapering  gradually. 

AURICULATE,  ear-like  lobes  at  the  base. 

AWN,  an  appendage  like  the  beard  of  barley. 

AXIL,  the  angle  between  leaf  and  stem. 

BIFID,  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

BILABIATE,  2-lipped. 

BLADE,  the  broad  portion  of  a  leaf 


BRACT,  the  leaf  which  subtends  the  flower. 
BRACTLET,  a  bract  on  a  pedicel. 

CADUCOUS,  falling  off  at  the  time  of  ex- 
pansion. 

CAMPANULATE,  bell-shaped. 

CANESCENT,  whitened  with  fine  close  pu- 
bescence. 

CAPILLARY,  like  a  hair. 

CAPITATE,  having  a  head,  or  collected  into 
a  head. 

CAPSULE,  any  compound  dehiscent  fruit. 

CARPEL,  a  simple  pistil,  or  element  of  a 
compound  one. 

CAUDATE,  tailed. 

CAULESCENT,  having  an  obvious  stem. 

CAULINE,  relating  to  a  stem. 

CILIATE,  fringed  with  hairs. 

CLAVATE,  club-shaped. 

CLAW,  the  narrowed  base  of  a  petaL 

CLEFT,  cut  to  about  the  middle. 

COHESION,  the  union  of  like  organs. 

CONFLUENT,  running  together,  or  blending, 

CONGLOMERATE,  thickly  clustered. 

CONNATE,  united  from  the  first. 

CONNECTIVE,  the  part  of  an  anther  con» 
necting  the  cells. 

CONNIVENT,  coming  together  or  meeting. 

CONVOLUTE,  rolled  up. 

CORDATE,  heart-shaped  with  the>  point  up. 


124 


GLOSSARY. 


CORYMB,  a  flat-topped  flower  cluster,  the 

pedicels  unequal. 
COSTATE,  ribbed. 

COTYLEDONS,  the  leaves  of  the  embryo. 
CREEPING,   running  on    the    ground   and 

rooting. 

CRENATE,  the  margin  scolloped. 
CUNEATE,  wedge-shaped. 
CUSPIDATE,  tipped  with  a  rigid  point. 
CYME,  a  flower  cluster  in  which  the  oldest 

flowers  are  in  the  center. 


DECIDUOUS,  falling  off  before  withering;  or, 
if  leaves,  before  winter. 

DECLINED,  turned  to  one  side. 

DECUMBENT,  reclining  on  the  ground,  the 
end  rising. 

DEFLEXED,  bent  downwards. 

DEHISCENT  FRUITS,  etc. ,  open  by 

DEIIISCENCE,  splitting  as  pods  do. 

DENTATE,  toothed,  the  teeth  pointing  di- 
rectly away  from  the  margin. 

DEPRESSED,  flattened  from  above. 

DIADELPIIOUS,  stamens  united  by  the  fila- 
ments in  two  sets. 

DICHOTOMOUS,  forking  into  two  branches. 

DICOTYLEDENOUS,  having  two  seed  leaves. 

DIFFUSE,  widely  and  loosely  spreading. 

DIGITATE,  compound  with  the  parts  arising 
at  one  point. 

DKECIOUS,  with  stamens  and  pistils  in 
separate  blossoms  on  different  indi- 
viduals. 

DISSECTED,  cut  into  pieces,  or  nearly  so. 

DISTINCT,  when  parts  of  the  same  name  do 
not  cohere. 

DIVARICATE,  separating  widely. 

DIVERGENT,  the  summits  inclined  from  each 
other. 

DRUPE,  a  stone  fruit,  (like  a  cherry). 


EMBRYO,  the  rudimentary  plant  in  a  seed. 
ENTIRE,  the  margin  whole  and  even,  not 

lobed  or  toothed. 

EPIGYNOUS,  growing  on  the  ovary. 
EROSE,  irregularly  notched  as  if  gnawed. 
EXSERTED,  protruding  beyond  other  organs. 
EXSTIPULATE,  without  stipules. 
EXTRORSE,  turned  outward. 

FASCICLE,  a  close  cyme,  a  bundle  of  leaves. 

FERTILE  FLOWER,  one  having  pistils. 

FILAMENT,  the  stalk  of  an  anther. 

FILIFORM,  like  a  thread. 

FOLIACEOUS,  like  a  leaf. 

FOLIOLATE,   consisting  of  leaflets   (5-folio- 

late  means  with  five  leaflets). 
FOLLICLE,  a  simple  pod  opening  down  one 

side. 
FRUIT,  the  seed  and  all  that  belong  to  it. 

GLAUCOUS,  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom 
which  rubs  off,  as  the  surface  of  a 
cabbage  leaf,  or  a  plum. 

GLOMERATE,  clustered  into  a  ball. 

GLOMERULE,  a  capitate  cyme. 

HASTATE,  with  a  spreading  lobe  at  the  base 
on  each  side. 

HIRSUTE,  clothed  with  coarse  hairs. 

HISPID,  beset  with  bristly  hairs. 

HOARY,  grayish  white  from  a  white  pubes- 
cence. 

HYPOGYNOUS,  growing  under  the  pistil, 
free  from  the  calyx  and  corolla. 

INCUMBENT,  when  the  radicle  lies  against 

the  back  of  one  of  the  cotyledons. 
INFERIOR,  underneath  or  anterior. 
INNATE,  borne  on  the  apex  or  end. 
INTRORSE,  turned  inward. 


GLOSSARY. 


125 


INVOLUCRE,  a  set  of  bracts  surrounding  a 

flower  cluster. 
INVOLUTE,  rolled  inward. 
IRREGULAR,  unequal  in  size  or  shape. 

LACINIATE,  cut  into  narrow  incisions. 
LAMINA,  blade  of  a  leaf  or  petal. 
LATERAL,  pertaining  to  the  side. 
LEGUME,  fruit  like  a  pea-pod. 
LIME,  the  exposed  part  of  a  corolla,  calyx, 

etc.,  or  the  blade  of  a  petal,  etc. 
LINE,  the  twelfth  of  an  inch. 
LINEAR,   narrow  and  much  longer    than 

wide,  the  margins  parallel. 
LOBE,  any  division  or  projecting  part. 

MEROUS,  the  parts  of  a  flower  (5-merous, 

the  parts  in  fives). 
MUCRONATE,  abruptly  tipped  with -a  short 

point. 

NERVES,  parallel  and  simple  veins. 
NODDING,  the  apex  or  top  pointing  down- 
ward. 

OB-,  prefixed  means  reverse  of;  as,  ob-cord- 
ate,  inverted  heart-shaped,  t.  e.t  the 
stem  attached  to  the  apex. 

OBLIQUE,  one-sided. 

OBLONG,  long-elliptical. 

OCHROLEUCOUS,  pale  dull  yellow. 

OVAL,  broadly  elliptical. 

OVARY,  that  portion  of  the  pistil  which 
becomes  the  seed  vessel. 

OVATE,  like  the  longitudinal  section  of  an 

egg- 
OVOID,  egg-shaped. 

PALMATE,  lobed  so  that  the  lobes  point 
away  from  the  end  of  the  petiole,  as 
in  an  ivy  or  a  maple  leaf. 


PANICLE,  a  raceme  branching  irregularly. 
PARTED,  cut  almost  through. 
PECTINATE,  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 
PEDICEL,  the  stalk  of  a  single  blossom  in  a 

cluster. 
PEDUNCLE,  the  stalk  of  a  cluster  or  of  a 

solitary  flower. 
PERFOLIATE,  when  the  stern  seems  to  pass 

through  the  leaf. 

PERFORATE,  with  holes  or  transparent  dots. 
PERIGYNOUS,  borne  on  the  calyx. 
PERSISTENT,  remaining  until  the  fruit  has 

grown. 

PETIOLE,  the  leaf  stem. 
PETIOLULE,  the  stem  of  a  leaflet. 
PILOSE,  with  distinct  straight  hairs. 
PINNATE,  a  compound  leaf  with  the  leaflets 

along  the  side  of  a  common  petiole. 

PlNNATELY    CLEFT,    LOBED,    etc.,    With    the 

lobes  along  the  sides  of  a  long  leaf. 
PLACENTA,  the  part  of  the  ovary  which 

bears  the  seeds. 
POD,  a  dry  dehiscent  fruit. 
POME,  a  fruit  like  a  pear  or  apple. 
POSTERIOR,  next  the  stem. 
PROCUMBENT,  lying  along  the  ground. 
PROSTRATE,  lying  flat  like  a  melon- vine, 
PUBESCENT,  with  soft  or  downy  hairs. 
PUNCTATE,  dotted  as  if  by  holes. 
PUNGENT,  rigid  sharp-pointed. 

RACEME,  elongated  flower  bunches,  with 
the  oldest  flowers  below  and  on  ped- 
icels. 

HADICAL,  coming  from  the  root  (apparently). 

RADICLE,  the  stem  of  an  embryo. 

RENIFORM,  kidney-shaped. 

REPAND,  the  margin  slightly  wavy. 

RETRORSE,  directed  backward. 

RETUSE,  slightly  notched  at  a  rounded  apex. 


126 


GLOSSARY. 


REVOLUTE,  rolled  backward. 

RACHIS,  the  main  stem  in  a  spike,  etc. 

ROOTSTOCK,  an  underground  stem. 

ROTATE,  wheel-shaped. 

RUNCINATE,  teeth  pointing  backward. 

SAGITTATE,  like  an  arrow-head. 

SALVER-SHAPED,  tubular,  the  border  spread- 
ing at  right  angles  to  the  tube. 

SCAPE,  a  flower-stalk  rising  from  the  ground 
or  near  it. 

SCORPIOID,  coiled  round  like  a  scorpion. 

SECUND,  all  turned  to  one  side. 

SERRATE,  with  teeth  like  a  saw. 

SETACEOUS,  like  a  bristle. 

SPATULATE,  like  a  druggist's  spatula. 

SPIKE,  a  long  inflorescence  of  sessile  flowers. 

STELLATE,  star-shaped. 

STIGMA,  the  part  of  a  pistil  which  receives 
the  pollen. 

STIPE,  the  stalk  of  an  ovary. 

STIPEL,  the  stipule  of  a  leaflet. 

STIPELLATE,  having  stipels. 

STIPITATE,  having  a  stipe. 


STIPULE,  appendage  on  each  side  at  the 
base  of  a  leaf. 

STRICT,  very  straight  or  close  or  upright. 

STRIGOSE,  clothed  with  close-pressed  stout- 
sharp  hairs  or  scale-like  bristles. 

STYLE,  the  slender  part  of  a  pistil. 

SUBULATE,  tapering  to  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

SUFFRUTESCENT,  or  suffruticose,  shrubby  at 
the  base. 

TERETE,  cylindrical,  long  and  round. 
TERMINAL,  at  the  end  or  summit. 
TIIYRSE,  a  thick  panicle  (Lilac  blossoms). 
TOMENTOSE,  clothed  with  a  close  and  mat- 
ted down. 

TORULOSE,  swollen  at  intervals. 
TRUNCATE,  as  if  cut  off  at  the  end. 

UMBEL,  umbrella-like  inflorescence. 

VERTICILLATE,    whorled,    forming    a    ring 

around  the  stem. 
VILLOUS,  with  long  soft  hairs. 
VISCID,  sticky. 


ADDITIONAL    WORDS. 


ADVENTITIOUS,  out  of  the  usual  place;  as 

roots  on  stems. 

CAUDEX,  an  iipright  rootstock. 
CUSP,  a  spear-like  point. 
DELTOID,  triangular. 

FLACCID,  soft,  weak,  drooping. 

FUSIFORM,  spindle-shaped. 

GLABROUS,  smooth. 

INVOLUCRATE,  provided  with  an  involucre. 

LOCULICIDAL,  splitting  down  the  middle  of 

the  back  of  a  cell. 
LUNATE,  crescent-shaped. 
MUCRONULATE,  tipped  with  a  minute  point. 


PAPILIONACEOUS,  like  the  corolla  of  a  pea. 
PERIANTH,  calyx  and  corolla  together. 

RETICULATED,  netted-veined. 

RUGOSE,  wrinkled,  rough  with  wrinkles. 

SACCATE,  with  sacks  or  pouches. 

SCABROUS,  rough  or  harsh. 

SCARIOUS,  thin,  dry,  membranous. 

SEPTICIDAL,  splitting  between  the  cells. 

SPADIX,  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 

SPATHE,  a  bract  which  inwraps  flowers. 

SUCCULENT,  fleshy,  juicy. 

STAMINODIA,  Sterile  stamens  or  bodies  like 

stamens. 
TURBINATE,  top-shaped,  an  inverted  cone. 


GLOSSARY 

OF 

GENERIC  AND  SPECIFIC  NAMES. 


All  the  generic  and  specific  names  found  in  this  work  are  here  defined  except  a  few 
of  obscure  or  unknown  meaning  and  some  which  have  undoubtedly  been  overlooked. 
Commemorative  names  are  followed  by  the  names — when  known  to  me — of  those  thus 
honored.  Specific  names  are  given  sometimes  in  one  gender,  sometimes  in  another.  The 
learner  must  know  that,  as  a  rule,  if  a  specific  name  ends  in  us,  a,  or  urn,  it  may  end  in 
either  of  the  other  two  to  correspond  with  the  gender  of  the  generic  name;  as,  Convol- 
vulus Californicus  (Masculine),  Polygala  Caltfornica  (Feminine),  Galium  Cal/fornlcum 
(Neuter).  Or,  the  specific  name  may  end  in  is  or  e,  the  former  agreeing  with  masculine 
and  feminine  generic  names,  the  latter  with  neuter  names.  The  meaning  of  each  name, 
where  possible,  is  given  in  a  form  suitable  for  a  common  or  English  name  of  the  plant. 


ACHILLE^EFOLIA,  Yarrow-leaved. 
ACOXITUM,  the  ancient  name. 
ADENOSTOMA,  glandular  stoma    (breathing 

pores). 

AFFINIS,  near,  or  related  to. 
AJUGOTDES,  Ajuga-like;  «*.  e. ,  liko  Bugle,  a 

labiate  plant. 
ALBENS,  white. 
ALBESCENS,  becoming  white. 
ALBICAULIS,  white-stemmed. 
ALCHEMILLA,  the  Arabic  name. 
ALISSLEFOLIUS,  Alisma-leavcd,  i.  c.,  leaves 

like  those  of  Water  Plantain. 
ALLIUM,  the  Latin  name  of  Garlic. 
ALNIFOLIA,  Alder-leaved. 
AMELANCHIER,  the  French  name. 
AMERICANA,  American. 
AMCENA,  charming. 
AMORPHA,  without  form,  (flower  wanting 

four  petals). 


AMPLECTANS,  twining  or  embracing. 

AMPLEXICAULIS,  stem-encircled,  i.  e.,  by 
embracing  leaves. 

AMSINCKIA,  William  Amsinck,  of  Ham- 
burg. 

ANAGALLIS,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning 
to  laugh. 

ANAGALLOEDES,  Anagallis-likc;  like  Pim- 
pernel. 

ANDERSOXI,  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson,  a  Califor- 
nia botanist. 

ANDREWSIANA,  Dr.  Andrews,  a  pioneer 
botanist. 

ANDREWSII,  Dr.  Andrews,  a  pioneer  bot- 
anist. 

ANDROMEDIA,  in  honor  of  the  goddess  of 
that  name. 

ANEMONE,  from  Greek  for  wind. 

ANGUSTIFOLIA,  narrow-leaved. 

ANSERINA,  from  the  Latin  for  goose. 


128 


GLOSSARY   OF   GENERIC   AND    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


APARIXE,  the  Greek  name. 

APOCYXUM,  clog-bane;  dog-poison. 

AQUATALIS,  aquatic;  \vater. 

AQUIFOLICJM,  Holly-leaved. 

AQUILEGIA,  from  Latin  for  eagle  (the 
petals  like  eagles'  claws). 

ARABIS,  from  Arabia. 

ARENARIA,  sand,  belonging  in  sand. 

ARBOREUS,  tree-like. 

ARBUTIFOLIA,  Arbutus-leaved. 

ARBUTUS,  the  ancient  name. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Bearberry. 

ARI^EFOLIA,  Aria-leaved. 

ARMERIA,  the  Monkish  Latin  for  the  Pink. 

AROMATICA,  aromatic. 

ARVENSIS,  field  (growing  in  cultivated 
fields). 

ASCLEPIAS,  Esculapius,  God  of  Medicine. 

ASPER,  rough. 

ASPERUM,  rough. 

ASSURGENTIFLORA,  flowers  bending  up- 
ward. 

ATTENUATUS,  slender. 

ATTENUIFOLIUM.  slender-leaved. 

AUDIBERTIA,  M.  Audibert,  a  Frenchman. 

AUREA,  golden. 

AURITA,  little- eared  (referring  to  the 
leaves). 

AZUREUS,  blue. 

BARBIGERTJM,  bearded. 
BARTSI^EFOLIA,  Bartsia-leaved. 

BERBERIS,  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Bar- 
berry. 

BICOLOR,  two-colored. 

BIENNIS,  biennial  (i.  e.,  flowering  the  sec- 
ond year  and  then  dying). 

BIFIDUM,  bifid,  divided. 

BIFLORA,  two-flowered. 

BIFOLIUM,  two-leaved. 


BIGELOVIT,  Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow,  a  pioneer 
botanist. 

BILOBA,  two-lobed. 

BISCEPTRUM,  two-stemmed, e.  e.,twoscapcs, 

BISTORTA,  twice-twisted. 

BLEPHAROPHYLLA,  eyelash-leaved. 

BLOOMERIA,  H.  G.  Bloomer,  a  pioneer  bot- 
anist. 

BOLANDERI,  H.  N.  Bolander,  a  well-known 
botanist  of  this  coast. 

BOREALIS,  northern. 

BOSCHNIAKIA,  Boschniaki,  a  Prussian. 

BOYKINIA,  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia, 

BRACHYCARPA,  short-pod. 

BRACTEATA,  bracted. 

BRACTEOSA,  bracted. 

BRASSICA,  old  name  for  cabbage. 

BREVIFLORA,  short-flowered. 

BREVIFOLIUM,  short-leaved. 

BREWERI,  Win.  H.  Brewer,  Botanist  of  the 
California  Geological  Survey. 

BRUNELLA,  from  German  name  of  a  throat 
disease  which  this  plant  was  supposed 
to  cure. 

BULLATA,  jeweled;  blistered. 

BURSA-PASTORIS,  shepherd's  purse. 

C^RULEUS,  deep  blue. 
C^ESPITOSA,  tufted. 
CALIFORNICA,  California. 
CALOCHORTUS,  beautiful  grass. 
CALYCANTHUS,  cup-flower. 
CALYCINA,  cup-like. 
CAMPANULA,  bell. 
CAMPESTRIS,  field  (uncultivated). 
CANADENSIS,  Canadian. 
CANESCENS,  white-haired;  hoary. 
CANINA,  dog. 
CANNABINUM,  hemp-like. 
CAPITATA,    capitate    (bearing    a    head   of 
flowers). 


GLOSSARY   OF   GENERIC!   AND    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


129 


CAPSELLA,  little-pod. 

CARDAMINE,  heart-care. 

CARDINALIS,  cardinal;  chief. 

CARDUACEA,  thistle-like. 

CAROLINENSE,  Carolina. 

CAROLIXIANUM,  Carolina. 

CASTILLEIA,  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

CASTILLEIOIDES,  Castilleia-like. 

CEANOTHUS,  old  name. 

CENTRANTHIFOLIUS,  Centranthus-leaved. 

CERASIFORMIS,  cherry-like. 

CERASTIUM,  from  Greek  for  a  horn  (refer- 
ring to  the  horn-shaped  pods). 

CERCOCARPUS,  tailed-fruit. 

CHAMMISSONTS,  A.  von  Chamisso,  a  poet 
and  botanist  who  visited  this  coast 
with  Eschscholtz  early  in  this  century. 

CHEIRANTHIFOLIA,  wallflower-leaved. 

CHEIRANTIIUS,  Arabic  name. 

CUILEXSIS,  Chili. 

CHIMAPIIILA,  winter-lover. 

CHLOROGALUM,  greenish  milk. 

CJIRYSANTHEMIFOLIA,  Crysanthemum- 
leaved. 

CIIRYSANTHA,  golden-flowered. 

CILIATA,  hair-fringed. 

CIRC^GA,  Circe,  the  enchantress. 

CIRCINATA,  coiled;  crosier-like. 

CLARKIA,  General  Wm.  Clarke,  who 
crossed  the  continent  in  1803-1808. 

CLAYTONIA,  Dr.  John  Clayton,  an  early 
botanist  of  Virginia. 

CLEMATIS,  ancient  name  of  a  climbing 
plant. 

CLINTONIA,  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton,  of 
New  York. 

COLLINSIA,  Zaccheus  Collins,  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

COLLINSIOIDES,  Collinsia-likc. 

COLLOMIA,  from  Greek  for  glue,  on  account 
of  the  mucilaginous  seeds. 


COMOSUM,  hair-tufted. 
CONCINNUM,  beautiful. 
CONGESTA,  bunched. 
CORDIFOLITJS,  heart-leaved. 
CORDYLANTHUS,  club-flower. 
CORYMBOSUS,  corymbose  (flowers  in  a  cor- 

ymb). 

COTUL^EFOLIA,  Cotula-leaved. 
CRASSIFOLIA,  thick-leaved. 
CRENATUS,  crenate. 
CRESSA,  Cretan  woman. 
CRETICA,  Cretan. 
CROCEA,  yellow;  saffron-colored. 
CROTELLARDE,  rattle -pod. 
CUNEATUS,  wedge-shaped. 
CURVIPES,  curved-pedicel. 
CYNOGLOSSUM,  hound's-tongue. 
CYPRIPEDIUM,  Venus's  slipper. 
CVTISOIDES,  like  snail-clover. 

DATURA,  an  altered  Arabic  name. 
DECORUM,  comely;  pretty. 
DELPHINIUM,  dolphin. 
DEMISSA,  lowly;  humble. 
DENDROMECON,  tree-poppy. 
DENSIFLORUS,  dense-flowering. 
DENSIFOLIA,  densely-leaved. 
DENTATA,  dentate;  notched. 
DENTICULATA,  denticulate;  finely  toothed. 
DICENTRA,  twice-spurred;  two  spurs. 
DICHOTOMU-S,  two-forked. 
DISCOLOR,  variable  (as  to  color  or  form). 
DIVARICATA,  spreading. 
DODECATHEON,  twelve  gods. 
DOUGLASII,  David  Douglas,  a  Scottish  ex- 
plorer of  the  Botany  of  this  coast. 
DUMOSA,  bushy. 

ECHINOSPERMUM,  hedgehog-seed. 
ELEGAXS,  elegant;  beautiful. 
ELLISIA,  John  Ellis,  an  English  botanist. 
,  emarginate;  notched. 


130 


GLOSSARY    OF   GENERIC   AND    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


EMMENANTHE,  persistent-flower. 

EPILOBIUM,  a  violet  on  a  pod. 

ERIANTHUS,  woolly-flowered. 

ERIODYCTYON,  a  network  of  wool  (on  the 
leaves). 

ERITRICHIUM,  woolly-hair. 

ERODITJM,  from  Greek  for  heron  (the  fruit 
like  the  bill  of  a  heron). 

ERYSIMUM,  from  a  word  meaning  to  blister. 

ERYTHR^SA,  from  a  word  meaning  red. 

ESCHSCHOLTZTA,  J.  F.  Eschscholtz,  a  Ger- 
man botanist,  who  visited  California 
early  in  this  century. 

EUBRODL&LA.,  true  Brodioea. 

FALCIFOLIUM,  falchion-leaved. 

FARIXOSA,  starchy. 

FASCICULATA,    fascicled  (referring  to  the 

leaves). 

FAUCTBAREATUS,  beard-throat. 
FILIFOLIA,  thread-leaved. 
FLAMMULA,  a  little  banner  or  flame. 
FLORIBUNDA,  many-flowered. 
FOLIOLOSA,  leafy. 
FORMOSA,  beautifully  formed. 
FRAGARIA,  fragrance. 
FRAXINUS,    from   a  Latin   word  meaning 

easily  split. 
FRITILLARIA,  from  Latin  for  checker-board, 

the  petals  of  the  first-named  species 

being  checkered. 
FUCATA,  colored, 
FULVUM,  tawny;  yellow. 

GALLICA,  Gallic  (French). 

GAULTHERIA,  Dr.  Gaulthier,  of  Quebec. 

GENTIANA,  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria. 

GIGANTEA.  gigantic;  huge. 

GILEA,  Philip  Gil. 

GITHOPSIS,  resembling  Gith  (Corn-cockle). 

GLABRUS,  smooth. 


GLABRATUS,  smooth. 

GLANDULOSUS,  glandular. 

GLAUCUS,  bluish-gray,  or  with  a  bloom. 

GLAUX,  from  Greek  for  sea-green. 

GLUTINOSUS,  glutinous;  sticky. 

GLYCYRRHIZA,  sweet-root. 

GODETIA,  Dr.  Godet. 

GOMPHOCARPUS,  nail-pod. 

GRACILE,  slender. 

GRACILEXTUS,  slender. 

GRACILIFLORUS,  slender-flowered. 

GRANDIFLORA,  grand-flowered. 

GREENEI,  Rev.  E.  L.  Greene,  who  has  dili- 
gently explored  the  Botany  of  this 
State. 

GYMXOCARPUS,   naked-fruited;  naked-pod. 

HASTATUS,  spear-bearing. 

HEBECARPUS,  blunt-pod  (?) 

HEDERACEUS,  Ivy-like. 

HELIOTROPIUM,  from  Greek  for  sun  and 
turn. 

HETEROPHYLLUS,  variously  leaved. 

HEUCHERA,  J.  H.  Heucher,  a  German  bot- 
anist. 

HEXANDRA,  six-stamened. 

HIRSCTTISSIMUS,  bristly,  or  very  hairy. 

HISPIDULA,  bristly;  prickly. 

HUMILIS,  low;  small. 

HYPERICUM,  the  Greek  name. 

ILICIFOLTUS,  Holly-leaved. 
IXCANUS,  gray;  hoary. 
ICISUM,  incised;  cut. 
INCONSPICUUS,  inconspicuous. 
IXSIGNIS,  remarkable;  marked. 
INTEGERRIMUS,  most  vigorous. 
INTEGRIFOLIA,  entire-leaved. 
INTERMEDIUS,  intermediate. 
INTERTEXTUS,  intertwined. 
INVOLUCRATUS,  involucrate. 


GLOSSARY   OF   GENERIC   AND    SPECIFIC  NAMES. 


131 


IRIS,  rainbow. 
IXIOIDES,  Ixia-like. 

JUXCEA,  rush-like. 

JDSSMA,  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  founder  of 
the  Natural  System. 

LABIATE,  from  labia,  a  lip. 

LACINATUS,  laqiniate. 

LACTEA,  milk-white. 

LuEViCAULis,  smooth-stemmed. 

LACTTNOSUM,  pitted. 

LANCEOLATUS,  lanceolate. 

LATIFOLIUS,  broad-leaved. 

LATHYRUS,   the  Greek  name  of  a  similar 

plant. 

LATIPES,  broad-pediceled. 
LAXUS,  loose. 
LEPIGONUM,  scaly-joint. 
LEPIDIUM,  scale-pod. 
LEPTOPHYLLUS,  slender-leaved. 
LEPIDOTDS,  scaly  (?) 
LEPIDUS,  charming. 
LEPTOSIPHON,  slender-tubed. 
LEMMONI,  J.  G.  Lemmon,  a  very  successful 

California  botanist. 
LEUCODERMIS,  white-skinned. 
LEUCOCEPHALUS,  white-headed. 
LEUCOCRINUM,  white-lily. 
LEUCOPHYLLUS,  white-leaved. 
LEWISIA,  Capt.  M.  Lewis,  who  crossed  the 

continent  with  Clarke  in  1803-1806. 
LIGUSTICIFOLIUS,  Lovage-leaved. 
LILIACEUS,  lily-like. 
LIMNANTHES,  pond-flower. 
LIMONIUM,    mud-plant     (an    old    generic 

name. ) 

LIMOSELLA,  from  limus,  mud. 
LINARIA,  from  Linum,  the  botanical  name 

of  Flax. 
LINEARIFOLIUM,  narrow-leaved. 


LINIFLORA,  flax-flowered;  the  Latin  name 

Linum. 

LITHOSPERMOIDES,  like  Lithospermum. 
LITTORALIS,  sea-beach. 
LOBATUS,  lobed. 
LOXGIFLORUS,  long-flowered. 
LONGILOBA,  long  lobed. 
LONGIPES,  long-pediceled. 
LUTEOLUS,  yellowish. 
LUTEUS,  yellow. 
LUPINUS,  wolf. 
LUPULINUS,  hop-like. 
LUCIDTJS,  bright,  transparent. 
LYCOPUS,  wolf-foot. 
LYCOPSOIDES,  Lycopus-like. 
LYTHRUM,  from  Greek  for  blood. 

MACRANTHUS,  large -flowered. 

MACROCERA,  large-horned. 

MACROCARPA,  large-fruited. 

MACROSTACHYA,  large-spiked. 

MACROTHECUM,  large-anthered. 

MACULATUS,  spotted. 

MAIANTHEMUM,  mountain  nymph. 

MAJOR,  greater;  larger. 

MALVA,  from  a  word  meaning  soft. 

MALV^KTLORUS,  Mallows-flowered. 

MALV^EFOLIUS,  Mallows-leaved. 

MARIPOSA,  butterfly. 

MARITIMUM,  coast. 

MEADIA,  Dr.  Mead,  of  Illinois. 

MECONOPSIS,  Poppy-like. 

MEDICAGO,  from  Media,  its  native  country. 

MEDIUS,  middle. 

MEGARRHIZA,  big-root. 

MELILOTUS,  honey-flower. 

MENTHA,  from  the  name  of  a  Nymph  fa- 
bled to  have  been  changed  to  mint. 

MENYANTHES,  month-flower. 

MENZIESII,  Dr.  Archibald  Menzies,  a  com- 
panion of  Vancouver. 


132 


GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    AXD    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


MENTZELIA,  Dr.  C.  Mentzel. 

MERTEXSIA,  Prof.  F.  C.  Mertens,  of  Bre- 
men. 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  midday-flower. 

MICRAXTIIUS,  small-flowered. 

MICROCEPHALUM,  small -headed. 

MICROCAKPUS,  small-fruited. 

MICROMERIA,  small-part. 

MlMULUS,  ape;  mimic. 

MINEATUS,  vermilion-colored. 

MINIMUS,  smallest. 

MINOR,  smaller. 

MODESTUS,  modest. 

MOLLUGO,  the  Latin  name. 

MONTAXUS,  mountain. 

MOXARDELLA,  little  Monarda,  a  genus 
named  for  Nicholas  Monardes,  a  writer 
on  medicinal  plants. 

MOSCHATUS,  musky. 

MUHLENBERGII,  Dr.  H.  Muhlenberg,  an 
American  botanist. 

MUILLA,  Allium  reversed. 

MULTICAULIS,  many-stemmed. 

MURICATUS,  rough,  with  hard  points. 

MYRTIFOLIUS,  myrtle-leaved. 

NAXUS,  dwarf. 

NEMEROSA,  wood;  forest. 

NEMOPIIILA,  grove-lover. 

NICOTIAXA,   John  Nicot,  who  introduced 

tobacco  into  Europe. 
NITEUS,  beautiful;  bright. 
NrriDUif,  shining. 
NUDICAULE,  naked-stemmed. 
NUDUS,  naked. 
NUTTALLIA,  Thomas  Nuttall,  botanist  and 

ornithologist. 

OBTUSIFOLIA,  blunt-leaved. 
OCELLATA,  spotted  with  little  eyes. 
OCCIDEXTALIS,  western,. 


(ENOTHERA,     wine  -  sucker    (roots    cause 

thirst). 

OFFICIXALIS,  medicinal. 
ORBICULARIS,  round. 
OREGAXA,  Oregon. 
ORTIIOCARPUS,  erect-fruit. 
OVATA,  egg-shaped  (leaves). 
OXYCARPUM,  sharp-fruited. 
OXYCARYUM,  sharp-nut.       * 


the  ancient  name. 
PACIFICA,  Pacific. 
PALUSTRIS,  swamp;  marsh. 
PAPILLOSUS,  warty. 
PARVIFLORUS,  small-flowered. 
PARVIFOLIUS,  small-leaved. 
PATAGONICA,  Patagonian. 
PAUCISECTA,  few-lobed. 
PECTOCARYA,  comb-toothed  nut. 
PEDATUS,  foot-shaped. 
PEDICULARIS,  from  pediculus,  a  louse. 
PELTATUM,  shield;  shield-shaped. 
PEXDULIFLORA,  hanging  flower;  drooping- 

flower. 
PENICILLATA,  brush-like.     (Stigma  with  a 

tuft  of  hairs). 
PENTSTEMON,  five  stamens. 
PERFOLIATA,  perfoliate  (the  stem  growing 

through  the  leaf). 
PHARNACEOIDES,  Ginseng-like. 
PHILADELPHIA,   Philadelphus,   a  King  of 

Egypt. 

PICTA,  painted;  colored. 
PILOSISSIMA,  most-hairy. 
PINXATA,  pinnate;  feather-like. 
PIRUS,  old  Latin  name  of  the  pear  tree. 
PLATYSTEMON,  flat-stamen. 
PLATYSTIGMA,  flat-  stigma. 
PLURIFLORA,  many-flowered. 
POGOGYXE,  bearded-pistil. 


GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC   AND    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


133 


POLYGALA,    much  milk   (said  to  increase 

secretion  of  milk). 
POLTSSPALUK,  many-sepaled 
POMEUIDIANUM,  after-noon. 
PRENANTIIOIDES,  Prenanthus-like. 
PROSARTES,  from  Greek  to  hang. 
PROSTATA,  prostrate. 
PSORALIA,  scurf. 
FTEUOSPORA,  wing-seed. 
PTELEA,  Greek  for  elm. 
PULCHELLA,  beautiful. 
PUMILA,  dwarf;  little. 
PUNGENS,  pungent;  biting. 
PURPURASCENS,  growing  purple;  purplish. 
PYCNANTHEMUM,  dense-flowers. 
PYCNANTHA,  dense-flowering. 

QUERCIFOLIA,  oak-leaved 
QUADRANGULARIS,  four-sided. 

RACEMOSA,  racemose;  raceme-bearing. 

RADICALS,  rooting. 

RAMOSISSIMA,  branching;  full  of  branches. 

RANUNCULUS,  from  Latin  for  frog  (some, 
of  the  species  aquatic). 

RAPIIANUS,  quick-grower. 

RARIFLORUM,  seldom-flowering. 

RECURVA,  recurved. 

REDIVIVA,  reviving. 

RIIOMBOIDEA,  rhomboidal. 

Runs,  red  (the  prevailing  color  of  the 
plentiful  fruit  in  the  genus). 

RIBES,  the  Arabic  name. 

RIGIDUS,  stiff;  rigid. 

RIVULARIS,  river. 

ROSIANZOFFIA,  Nicholas  Romanzoff,  a  Rus- 
sian nobleman,  who  early  in  this  cen- 
tury sent  Kotzebue  (accompanied  by 
Chamisso  and  Eschscholtz)  to  this 
coast. 

ROSA,  the  ancient  name. 


ROSEUS,  rosy. 

ROTUNDIFOLIA,  round-leaved. 
RUBESCENS,  reddening;  reddish. 
RUBUS,  red  (the  color  of  the  fruit). 
RUSTICA,  country;  rustic. 

SALVIA,  from  a  Latin  word  meaning  to 
save. 

SAMBUCUS,  from  the  name  of  an  ancient 
musical  instrument,  said  to  have  been 
made  of  Elder. 

SANGUINEA,  bloody. 

SARCODES,  from  the  Greek  for  flesh. 

SARMENTOSA,  running  (as  strawberries). 

SATIVA,  cultivated;  tame. 

SAXIFRAGA,  rock-breaker. 

SCOLIOPUS,  worm-peduncle. 

SCROPHULARIA,  scrofula  cure. 

SCUTELLARIA,  from  scutella,  a  dish  (be- 
cause of  the  calyx). 

SERPYLLOIDES,  Thyme-like. 

SERRATUM,  serrate;  toothed 

SESSILE,  sessile;  stemless. 

SESSILIFOLIA,  sessile-leaved. 

SHALLON,  the  Indian  name. 

SIDALCIA. 

SILENE,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  saliva. 

SIMPLEX,  simple. 

SITCHENSIS,  Sitka. 

SOLDANELLA,  the  generic  name  of  another 
plant. 

SOREDIATUS,  covered  with  granules. 

SPARSIFLORUS,  sparse-flowered. 

SPATHULATA,  spatulate. 

SPECIOSUS,  showy. 

SPECTABILIS,  notable;  admirable. 

SPECULARIA,  from  speculum,  a  looking- 
glass. 

SPIRAEA,  old  name  of  Meadow  Sweet. 

STACUYS,  the  ancient  name. 

STACIIYOIDES,  Stachys-like. 


134 


GLOSSARY    OF    GENERIC    AND    SPECIFIC   NAMES. 


STATICE,  the  ancient  name. 
STELLARIA,  from  stelta,  a  star. 
STELLATA,  starry;  star-like. 
STIPULARIS,  stipulate. 
STIVERI,  C.  H.  Stivers 
STRICT  UM,  upright. 
STRIGULOSUS,  bristly. 
STROBILACEA,  cone-like  (a  pine  cone). 
STROBILINA,  little  cone. 
STROPHOLIRION,  twisted-lily. 
SUBPINNATA,  nearly-pinnate. 
SYMPIIORICARPUS,  cluster-fruit. 
SYMPLOCARPUS,  united-fruit. 

TAXACETIFOLIUS,  Tansy-leaved. 
TATULA,  an  old  generic  name  (?). 
TELLIMA,  anagram  of  Mitella. 
TENAX,  tough. 
TENELLA,  tender;  delicate. 
TENER,  soft,  tender. 
TENUILOBA,  slender-lobed. 
TENUIFOLIUS,  thin-leaved. 
TESSELLATA,  checkered  (seeds). 
THYSANOCARPUS,  fringe-pod. 
THYRSIFLORTJS,  thyrse-flowered. 
TIARELLA,  a  little  mitre  (the  pod). 
TINCTORIA,  useful  as  a  dye. 
TOMENTOSUS,  woolly;  tomentose. 
TRACHYANDRA,  rough  anther. 
TRIDENTATUS,     three  -  toothed;    three- 

pronged. 

TRICIIANTHA,  hair-flowered. 
TRICHOPHYLLUS,  hair-leaved. 
TRICOLOR,  three-colored. 
TRIFIDUM,  three-parted. 
TRIFLORUS,  three-flowered. 
TRIFOLTATA,  three-leaved. 
TRIFOLIUM,  three-leaves. 


TRILLIUM,   triple  (leaves,  petals,   etc.,  in 

threes). 

TRTJNCATA,  truncate. 
TUBEROSA,  tuber-bearing. 

UMBELLATA,  umbellate. 
UMBELLIFERUM,  umbel-bearing. 
UNDULATA,  wavy. 
UNIFLORUS,  one -flowering. 
UNIFOLIATA,  one-leaved. 
URSINUS,  bear. 

VACCINNIUM,  the  ancient  name. 
VAGANS,  wandering;  spreading. 
VANCOUVERIA,    Capt.    George  Vancouver, 
who  explored  this  coast  in  1792-1794. 
VENENOSUS,  deadly-poisonous. 
VENOSUS,  veiny. 
VENUSTUS,  beautiful. 
VESTITA.  clothed;  covered. 
VERXICOSA,  varnished. 
VERONICA,  for  St.  Veronica  (?). 
VERTICILLATA,  whorled, 
VILLOSUS,  hairy. 
VISCLDULA,  sticky. 
VIRGINIENSIS,  Virginian. 
VITIS,  the  ancient  name. 
VULGARIS,  common. 

WHIPPLEA,  Gen.  A.  "VV.  Whipple,  who 
visited  this  coast  in  1849,  in  command 
of  a  Government  Survey  Party. 

XEROPHYLLUM,  dry-leaf. 
YUCCA,  the  Indian  name. 

ZAUSCHNERIA,  M.  Zauschner,  a  Bohemian 

botanist. 
ZYGADENUS,  yoked-glands. 


INDEX  OF  GENERIC  AND  COMMON  NAMES. 


%*  The  names  of  orders  are  in  capitals.  Figures  following  names  in  parentheses 
denote  the  numbers  of  the  species  to  which  the  common  names  apply;  e.  g.,  Baby -Eyes 
is  the  common  name  of  the  third  species  of  Nemophila. 


PAGE 

Abronia 104 

Acaena 64 

Acer 37 

Aconite  (A couitum) 19 

Adenostoma 63 

JEsculus 87 

Alchcmilla 64 

Alfalfa 44 

Alnlaria  (Erodium) 33 

Alfillarilla  (Erodium) 33 

Al.ium 112 

ALISMACE2E  . . , 108 

Alisrua 108 

Alum-root 57 

Amelanchier 54 

Amorplia 47 

Amsinckia 84 

ANACARDIACKE 38 

AuagaLis 73 

Aneinopsis 107 

Anemone 16 

Antirrhinum 90 

Aphyllon 96 

APOCYNACE^S 73 

Apocynum 73 

Aquilegia 18 

Arabia 23 

ARACEJ2 120 

Aralia C3 

ARAIJACKZE 63 

Arbutus 69 

Arctostaphylos 63 

A-enaria 28 

ARISTOLOCHIACEJa 104 

Aristolochia   104 

Armcria 72 

Arrow-grass   108 

Asurum 104 

ASCLtPIADACEJi 73 

Asclepias 73 

Ash 73 

Astragalus 47 

Audibertia 100 

Azalia 70 


PAGE 
Baby-Eyes  (Nemophila,  3)  0 . .    81 

Barberry...' 19 

Beard-tongue  (Pentstemon)  .    91 

Bedstraw  (GaliumJ 65 

Bellflower 68 

BERBL.RIDACE2E 19 

Berberis 19 

Big-Root ...     63 

Bind- weed 121 

Blackberry 62 

Bleeding-Heart  (Dicentra,  1)    22 

Bloimeria  113 

Blue-curls 102 

Blue-eyed  Grass 110 

Boisduvalia 62 

BORRAGINACKZE 83 

Boschniakia 97 

Box-Elder  38 

Boykinia 66 

Brasenia 20 

Brassica 23 

Brevcortia 115 

Brodiaea 113 

Brunella 101 

iiuckbean   75 

Buckeye 37 

Bur-Clover 44 

Burning  bush  (Euonymus) . .    35 

Buttercup  17 

Butterfly  Lily 118 

Button-bush 65 

Calandrinia 29 

California  Holly  (Hetero- 

mcles 64 

California  Lilac 36 

California  Poppy  (Esch- 

B^holtzla 21 

Calliprora 114 

Calochortus 117 

CALYCANTHACE/E 55 

Calycanthus  53 

Campanula 68 

CAMPANULACE2E 67 


PAGE 

Camassia 115 

CAPRIFOLIAClYE   Gt 

CapseUa 21 

Cardamine 23 

Carpet-Weed  (Mollugo) c,3 

CARYOPHYLLAuEzE 27 

Castilleia 9J 

Catchfly  (Silene) 27 

Ceanotaua 3G 

CELASTRACE.23 35 

Cephalanthus 65 

Cerastium 28 

Cercocarpus  C2 

Chamiso 53 

Cheiranthus 9.3 

CHENOi'ODIACE^E 105 

Chenopodiuin 105 

Cherry.. 51 

Chia 100 

Chickweed v8 

Chimaphila 71 

Chlorogalum 11  > 

Chorizanthe 103 

Circaaa 62 

CISTACE/E 25 

Clarkia  61 

Claytonia 33 

Cleavers 65 

Clematis 1G 

Clintonia (07)  119 

Clover 42 

Coffee-Tree  (Rhamnus,  2) ....     S3 

Co:linsia 80 

Collomia 7G 

Columbine 13 

COMPOSITE 60 

CONVOLVULACEJS 8G 

Convolvulus 121-83 

Corallorhiza 109 

Coral-Root 109 

Cordylanthus 95 

CORNACE/H 63 

Comus C3 

Coru-Spurry , 29 


136 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Cotyledon 58 

Cranesbill 33 

C^IASSULACE^E 68 

Creain-Cups 20 

Cres-sa 87 

CRUCIFEU2E 22 

CUCUHBITACE^i; 63 

Currant, 58 

Cuscuti 87 

Cynoglossurn 86 

Damsonium 108 


Datura 

Delphinium 

Den:lromecon., 

Dkeutra 

Dirca 

Dock 

Dodecutheon. ., 

Dodder 

Dogwood  (Cornus,  1) 


..  88 

..  18 

..  21 

..  22 

..  103 

..  105 

'.'.    87 
..63 
Dowuingia C7 

Ear-Drops  (Dicentra) 22 

Echiuospermum 85 

Elder 64 

EJlisin 81 

Einmenanthe 82 

Enchanter's  Nightshade  (Cir- 

caea) G2 

Epilobium GO 

Lpipactis 109 

ERIOACE2E 63 

Eriodictyou 83 

Eriogonum 105 

Eritrichiuni 8,3 

Erodium 33 

Erysimum 23 

Erythrsea 75 

L'schscholtzw , 21 

Eucharidium , 62 

Euonyrnus 33 

Evening  Primrose GO 

Feverwort  (Scrophularia) . ..    90 
FICOlDEJL 63 


Figwort , 

Filaria  (Filaree)... 

Flag 

Max 

Fragaria 

Fraxinus 

Fringe-pod 

Fritillaria... 


....  90 

...  33 

....  110 

....  32 

53 

73 

....  25 

....  110 

FUMAUIAJE^S 22 

Galium 65 

Garlic 112 

Garrya 04 

Gaultheria 70 

Geutiana 75 

Gentian..- 75 

GE.,TIANACE2E 74 

GERANIACKZE 33 

Geranium.... 33 


PAGE 

Gilia 70 

Ginger 104 

Githopsis 67 

Glasswoit 105 

Glaux 73 

Glycyrrhiza 47 

Godetia Gl 

Gomphocarpus 74 

Gooseberry 58 

Goo>efoot 105 

Grape 37 

Greek  Valerian 80 

Green  Lily 117 

Habenaria 109 

Hedge  Mustard 24 

Hedge  Nettle  ( Stachys) 101 

Helianthemum 25 

Heliotrope 84 

lleliotropium 84 

Hemp 73 

Heron's  13111  (Erodium) 33 

Heterocodon G8 

Heterorneles 54 

Heuchera 57 

Honeysuckle  (Aquilegia) 18 

Honeysuckle 65 

Horkelia 53 

Hop-Tree 34 

Horse  Nettle 121 

Hosackia 44 

Hound's  -  tongue    ( Cynoglos- 

BUUI) 8G 

Huckleberry 69 

Hyacinth 115 

HYDROPHYLLACE2E 80 

I1YPERICACE33 30 

Hypericum 30 

Indian  Hemp 73 

Indian  Lettuce  (Ciaytonia,  1) .    30 

IRIDACE^E 110 

Iris 110 

Jamestown-Weed  (Datura) ...    88 

Jerusalem  Oak 105 

Jussiaea 59 

Knot-Grass 105 

LABIATES 97 

Lace-pod 25 

Ladies'  Tresses 109 

Lady's-mantle  (Alchemilla)..     54 

Lady's-slipper 109 

Lanib's-quarters 105 

Larkspur 18 

Lathyrus 49 

LAUIIACE2E 106 

Laurel 10G 

Lavatera 31 

Leatherwood 106 

Leek ,  112 

LEGUMINOS^: 38 

Lepidium..... 24 


PAGE 
Lepigonum  .................     29 


Lcucocrinum 

Lewisia 

Lilac 


120 
30 


110 
11(5 
110 
118 


Li.iurn 

Lily 

Lily-Bell 

Liinosclla  ......   ..........     93 

Limnanthes  ................     34 

LINAGES  ..................     3-1 

Linaria  ....................     90 

Linum...  .     32 


47 


Liquorice 

LOASACE2E 6J 

LOBEL1AOE2E 07 

Lonicera C5 

LouFewort  ( 1-edicularis) 93 

Lovegrove  (Neniophila,  1) ...  81 

Litceru 44 

Lupine 39 

Lupiuus 39 

Lycopus 93 

LYTHRACE^E 59 

Lythrum 59 


Madrono 

Mahonia  (Berberia) 

Maianthemum 

Mallow 

Malva 

MALVACE2E 

Manzauita 

Maple 

Marsh  Rosemary  * 

Meadow-Rue  (Thahctruni)... 

Meconopsis 

Medicugo 

Megarrhiza 

Mclilotus 

Mcntha 

Mentzelia 62, 

Menyanthes 

Mesembryanthemum 

Microcala 

Micromeria 

Milkweed 

Miinulus 

Mint 

Mock-Orange 

Mollugo 

Monardella 

Monkey-flower  (Mimulus) ... 

Monk'.s  Hood  

Morning  -  Glory     (Convolvu- 
lus)   


MoS(iuito-Biils(Dodecatheou) 

Mountain-Balm 

Mountain  Mahogany 

Mouse-tail 

Mudwort 

Muilla 

Mullein 

Musk-Hant 

Mustard 


69 
L9 

J  1  ."> 
31 
31 
81 
69 
37 
73 
17 

'J.  I 


98 
121 

ri  ~> 
G3 
(  5 
99 
7.) 
92 
'.8 
67 
63 
'.  S 
93 
19 

86 

72 
83 
63 

17 
93 

1  i-J 

8.) 

93 


INDEX, 


137 


PAGE 
Myosurus  ...................    17 

Negundo  ....................     38 

Keiiiia  .....  ,  ................     61 

Neinoj'hila  ..................    81 

Nicotiaua.  ..................    89 

Nightshade  ..................     83 

Nliic-Bark  ...................    51 

Nuphur  ....................     20 

Nuttalia  ....................     51 

NYCTAGINACE2E  ...........  101 

2J 


(Enothera  ................  CO,  121 

OJ,EACi;2E  ..................  73 

ON  \GRACEJ2  ...............  59 

Onion  ..........    .........  112 

ORCHID  ACE^J  .............  103 

Oregon-Crabapple  ...........  54 

Oregon  Grape  (Berberis,  2)  .. 

Oreodaphne  ......  ...........  100 

OROBANCHACEJE  ..........  9G 

Orthoc.irpus.  ..............  91 

Oso  Lerry  ...................  51 

Oxalis  .......................  34 


Paeonia  ....... 

Paeony 
Painted-cup 
Pansy  (Viola) 


Pea-Vino  (Vicia)  ............ 

Pectocarya.'  ................. 

Peppergrass  ................ 

Pedicularla  .................. 

Pcntstemon  ..............  91, 

Phacelia  ............  ,....81, 

Phihdelphus  ................ 

Photinia  .................... 

Pickcriugia  ................. 

Pigweed  .................... 

Pin-Clover  .................. 

Pimpernel  .................. 

Pipe-Vine  .................. 

Pipsissewa  .................. 

Pirns  ........................ 

PLANTAGINACE.E  .......  ,. 

Plantago  .................... 

Plantain  .................... 

PLtystemon  ................ 

Platystigma  ................. 

Plectritis  .................... 

PLUMBAGINACE^E  ......... 

Pogogyno  ................... 

Poison  Oak  .................. 

POLEMONIACE/E  ........... 

Polcmoniura  ................ 

Polygala  .................... 

POI-YGALACE2E.  ........... 

POLYGONACILE  ............ 

Polygonuin  .................. 

Pond-Lily  ................. 

Poor  -  man's    Weather  -  glass 
(Anagullis)  ................ 

PORTULACACE2E  ........... 


PAGE 

Potentilla 53 

PRIMULACKE 72 

Prosartes 119 

Prince's-Pine  (Chimaphila)..    71 

Pranus 60 

Psoralea 4(j 

Ptelea 34 

I'terospora 71 

Pterostegia 100 

Pycuauthemum 98 

Pyrola 71 

Radish 25 

RANUNCULACEJ3 ID 

Ranunculus 1C 

Raphanus 25 

Uasi  jberry 52 

Rattle-weed 47 

RHAMNACE^ 35 

Rhamnus 35 

Rhododendron 70 

Runs 33 

Ribes 67 

liib-grass  (Plantago) 103 

Romanzoffiu, 83 

ROSACES 49 

Roca 54 

Rose 54 

RUBIACEJ3...- 65 

Rubus 62 

Rurnex 105 

EUTACEJE...                           .  34 


Sage 

Salal 

Salicornia 

Salmon  Berry.., 
Sulvia 


100 

70 

1C5 

52 

100 

Sambncus 64 

Sand  Sparry 29 

SandVerbena 104 

Sandwort 23 

SAPINDACKE 37 

Sarcodes....   71 

SUJRURACKZE ..  107 

Saxifraga 55 

SAXIFRAGACKE 55 

Saxifrage 55 

Scoli«pus 119 

Scrop&ulaTia 90 

SCROPHULARIACE2E 89 

ScutoWaria 101 

SeaMilkwort. 73 

Sedum 68 

Self-heal 101 

Service-Berry 54 

Seubertia 114 

Miad-Uerry 54 

Sheep  Sorrel 105 

Shepherd's  Purse 24 

Shooting-Star  (Dodecatheon).    72 

Sidalcia 31 

Silene  .   . .    27 

Silver- weed 53 

Sisymbrium 24 


PAGE 

Sisyrinchiurn 110 

S'lull-cap 101 

Skunk-Cabbage 120 

Skunk-weed  (G.  squarrosa) ..    IS 

Smartweed 105 

Sinilacina 115 

Snapdragon 90 

Snow-Berry 04 

Snow-Plant 71 

Soap-Root 115 

SOL  \NACE.E b8 

Solanum 88,  121 

Solomon's  Seal 115 

Sorrel 34 

Specularia 07 

Spergula 29- 

Spikenard (ij 

Spiraea 51 

Si  iranthes 109 

Sphacele 100 

Squash  Fam.  (Cucurbitaceao) .    G3 

Spurry 29 

Squirrel's  Grandfather  (Bos- 

chuiakiaj  97 

Stachys lol 

Star-Flower 73 

Statice 72 

Stellaria 'J3 

St.  John's-wort  iii) 

Stick-seed  (Echinospermuin)     83 

Stone-crop 53 

Stramonium 83 

Strawberry 5  J 

Strawberry  Tree  (Arbutus)..     CD 

Strept  ipus Hi) 

Sun- Dial  (Lupinus) 33 

Swei't-clover 43 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 55 

Symphoricarpus (U 

Syniplocarpus J20 

Tare 43 

Tellima    53 

Tha  ictrum 17 

Thermopsis 33 

Thimble-berry 5  J 

Three-leaved  Nightshade ICO 

Tlirift 7J 

THYMELACE/E 105 

Thysanocarpus 25 

Tiarella   5f 

Tiger  Li  y 11(3 

Ti.tea ', 5'J 

Toad-Flax   (.:0 

Tobacco 8'J 

To.lon  (Heteromeles) Hi 

Tonclla 1'JL 

Tree  Mallow 31 

Trichostema 1   1 

Tricntalis 7  \ 

Trifolium   42 

Tri-lochin 108 

irillium 12.) 

Tropidocarpum •-'  I 

TwistetUStalk US) 


138     [Total  pp.  176] 


INDEX. 


Umbellaria 

UAIBELLIFER^  , 


PAGE 

..  106 

.     G3 


07 


Vaccinum , 

VALERIANACEJ2 

Vancouveria 

Venus  Looking-glass  (Specu 

laria) 

Verbascum 89 

VERBENACEJE 102 

Veratrum 120 

Verbena 103 

Veronica 93 

Vetch 49 

Vicia 48 


PAGE 

VineMaple 37 

Viola 20 

VIOL\OE/E 25 

Violet 26 

Virgin's  Bower 16 

VITACE^ 37 

Vitis   37 

Wall-flower  (Cheiranthus)  ..  23 

Water  Plantain 108 

Water  Horehuund 98 

Watershield   20 

Wheat-Thief  ( Amsinckia) ...  84 

Whipplea 67 


PAGE 
White    Forget-me-not     (Eri- 

trichium) 85 

Wild  Hyacinth 115 

Willow-herb 59 

Wintercreen  (Pyrola)..  ..70  (71) 

Wood  Anemone 17 

Wormseed 105 

Xerophyllum 120 

Yerba  Bnena 99 

Yerba  Santa 83 

Yucca 116 

Zauschneria 59 

Zygadenus 120 


PAGE 

Acacia 38b 

Alder 106 

Alnus 106 

Arnarantaceae 103 

Arctomecon 2ob 

Argemone 20b 

Bayberry 106 

Betulaceae 106 

Birch 106 

Canbya 20b 

Cercis 38b 

Chicalote 20b 

Chinquapin 106 

Cottouwood 106 


ADDITIONAL  NAMES. 

PAGE 

Darlingtonia 20 

Digitalis 88b 

Foxglove 88b 

Fran  s  enia 20 

Isomeris 20 

Juglans  , 106 

Mesquit 38b 

Myrica , 106 

Oak 106 

Pepper 88 

PepperTree 33 

Piperacess 10.5 

Platanus 106 


PAGE 

Poplar 106 

PotHto 83 

Prickly  Poppy 20b 

Quaking  Asp 105 

Quercus 106 

Romneya 20b 

Salicaceaa 106 

Styrax 20 

Sycamore 106 

Umbellularia 106 

Walnut 106 

Willow 106 

Yerba  Mausa 106 


[NOTE  TO  PAGE  76.] 

"It  has  at  length  become  evident  that  the  unequal  insertion  of  the  stamens  will  nc 
longer  serve  to  distinguish  Collomia  from  Gilia.  Transitions  occur  in  the  same  species 
from  very  unequal  to  equal  insertion,  or  nearer  to  equality  than  in  some  Gilias  besides 
those  of  the  Navarretia  section.  The  character  of  solitary  ovules  having  also  failed,  noth- 
ing remains  but  to  remand  Nuttall's  genus  Collomia  to  the  already  large  and  much  diver- 
sified genus  Gilia.  Collomia  gracilis  becomes  Gilia  gradlis,  Hook. ;  C.  gilioides  is  G.  di- 
varicata,  Nutt. ;  C.  heterophylla  is  G.  Sessei,  Don." — Dr.  Asa  Gray  in  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  June,  1882. 


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